How Language Is Always Changing And Growing - 988 Words

Lippi-Green is making the case that language is always changing and growing. Every human speaks some type of language and begins to learn how to use it. No matter where a person is from they speak some form of language. Living language changes to better fit the needs of the people using it. The English vocabulary has expanded past the King’s English. People no longer use the same words and structures to form sentences in speaking. Old English would not flow and sounds unnatural and forced if it was used today. Spoken and written English are different beasts. Spoken language tends to be more informal and follows a less structured outline. In written language, the language tends to be more formal and does not possess the same nuances as spoken language. Spoken language is the most natural way to communicate. Written language is a more difficult art form to master. It does come natural to everyone and a voice is hard to create in an essay or paper. Lippi-Green points out that hum ans have evolved past walking with the development of bikes, trains, planes, etc. These are all faster than simply walking and have made it possible to travel faster and farther. People fear the evolution of language and want it to stay a static entity. That is nearly impossible. Words and phrases needed to be added to better describe the constantly changing world around us. Spoken language and written language are used for different purposes. They are both needed to have a full understanding of theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Phase of Rapid Change in the English Language783 Words   |  4 PagesChange in the English Language The English language is always changing, however, at the moment it is going through a phase of rapid change, more so than ever before. This more recent change, I believe, is due to mass media and advances in science and technology global communications (Including SMS messaging, the internet, e-mail and other advances in). 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The aim of this paper is to offer a critical review of analytical frameworks applied to how one language autobiography can say a lot about one person’s past experiences and shapes them into who they are today. I will discuss the dialect, bothRead MoreCritical Review Of Analytical Frameworks1624 Words   |  7 PagesIn the past decade, language memoirs, linguistic autobiographies, and learners’ journals and diaries have become a popular means of data collection in applied linguistics. It is not always clear however how one should go about analyzing this data. The aim of this paper is to offer a critical review of analytical frameworks applied to how one language autobiography can say a lot about one person’s p ast experiences and shapes them into who they are today. I will discuss the dialect, both geographicalRead MoreThe Human Communication System Is Important1435 Words   |  6 Pagescommunication system is complex and not always easy to learn. There are multiple components, including phonetics, morphology, phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Knowledge of all of these components is what helps for humans to produce language. Linguistic competence is defined by The Free Dictionary (2008) as a speaker’s implicit, internalized knowledge of the rules of their language. A person with linguistic competence understands how to use a language correctly and properly in order to get

The Hidden Assault On Our Civil Rights - 1742 Words

Every snowflake that has ever fallen from the sky to the ground is different in some shape or form, like our own identities, no two are the same. Some aspects of our identity may be similar to others but in some way it will always be different as we perceive things differently. Our teachings, religion, culture, thoughts, etc†¦ are what defines us and sets us apart from the rest of the world. Kenji Yoshino a Japanese American, as a child was torn between two identities of being Japanese or an American, he later covered up his Japanese identity in order to fit into the social norm of an American. As he grew older Yoshino began to understand his errors and wrote an essay called â€Å"Covering: The Hidden Assault on Our Civil Rights† explaining the†¦show more content†¦Turkle explains how we are losing ourselves to our technology, putting more reliance on technology then our own peers. Distinguishing between identity and performance of identity is a difficult task as an adolescent because they are portrayed as the same thing. However, the idea of flexibility and the advancing of technology helps the adolescents to transition between variety of identities in order to find their one true authentic identity. The advancement of technology has it made it so, that we no longer have a singular identity but multiplicity of identities that has integrated with our own identity, causing us to become flexible to the variety of identities in order for us to find our true identity. Smith introduces â€Å"Dream City† as a place where nothing is singular but everything is doubled, where we have to transition from one place to another in order to communicate with the many dwellers of Dream City. Smith states â€Å"In Dream City everything is doubled, everything is various. You have no choice but to cross boarders and speak in tongues. That’s how you get from your mother to your father, from talking to one set of folks who think you’re no t black enough to another who figure you insufficiently white†(Smith 251-252). Smith presents the idea of flexibility by explaining

Structure and Assembly of Secreted Mucins †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Structure and Assembly of Secreted Mucins. Answer: Introduction: This coral reef cnidarian is radially symmetrical around the axis that is formed around the mouth, or the oral axis and the opposite end which is the aboral axis or the base. It has an opportunistic feeding habit and its radial symmetry allows it to detect prey and predators from any direction. It has a polyp form that has a cylindrical shape and its tentacles are arranged around the mouth. The mouth is surrounded by tentacles that are arranged in six circles. The Cnidarians are radially symmetrical animals and the body develops from only two germinal layers, the inner endoderm and the outer ectoderm that are bound by a mesogleal, non-cellular matrix (Frazo, Vasconcelos, Antunes, 2012). So, cnidarians are essentially diploblastic animals (Van der Burg, Prentis, Surm, Pavasovic, 2016). The body is shaped like a tubular column that is red to brown in color, the tentacles are tapered and blood red in color (Stabili, Schirosi, Parisi, Piraino, Cammarata, 2015). Apart from the function of feeding the tentacles have nematocysts that can paralyse the prey before it pushed into the mouth by the tentacles. Acrorhagi are blue colored structures that lie at the base of each tentacle and these play a role in offense (Harris, 1990). When food is added to water surrounding , Actinia tenebrosa, pre-feeding behaviour can be observed. It is possible to find that some of the sessile polyps do not accept food or do not exhibit any pre-feeding behaviour. On the contrary they may close the oral opening completely when the food comes in contact with their tentacles. This is likely to happen in case of recent feeding or when embryos are being incubated in the coelenteron. On the contrary when Actinia tenebrosa are ready to feed, their tentacles spread out completely as the mouth to the oral cavity opens partially. The oral disc expands completely and a ridged actinopharynx can be observed as it protrudes to the exterior (Harris, 1990). Actinia tenebrosa is an intertidal sea anemone usually is found attached to rocks and if it finds that the location that it is tethered to is unsuitable in some way, it can move to another location, albeit slowly. Fresh specimens when collected from the sea shore and put into an aquarium prefer to attach the base at some support. If the anemone happens to lie by its side, its substratum expands until it can touch base and the it stands erect again. But the process occurs very slowly and may take a few hours to upto two days. It also tends to move away from a source of light, when moving the column protrudes in the direction of the movement and the base is pulled by a millimeter or two in that direction due to the contraction of the basal muscles. Thus, Actinia tenebrosa can exhibit complex behaviour in response to light (Harris, 1990). Immune defence and the role of mucus in cnidarians Mucus plays an important role in development of an innate immune response in cnidarians. Mucus has a lysozyme like activity which can help in killing bacteria. It creates a physical barrier between the lumen and the epithelial lining(Van der Burg, Prentis, Surm, Pavasovic, 2016). The typically sedentary habit of the actinarians and the lack of a protective outer covering, such as a shell, an exoskeleton or a cuticle keeps these animals exposed to a variety of biotic and abiotic threats in their ecosystem that includes microbes that can be pathogenic. The evolution of an immune defence mechanism that keeps these organisms protected consists of the antimicrobial peptides that are a component of the mucous secretions (Otero Gonzalez, et al., 2010). Pattern recognition receptors work with the glycocalyx and strengthen the physicochemical barrier that keeps the organism protected. In Actinarians, the mucus is also known to possess cytotoxic activity and hemolytic activity (Stabili, Schir osi, Parisi, Piraino, Cammarata, 2015). Together, these activities help the organisms to protect themselves throughhumoral immunity from microbial pathogens (Clare, 1995). The mucin proteins are multi-domain proteins and may be either secreted mucins that are gel forming or membrane bound and their domain architectures are very different from one another. Mucins are known to play roles in important biological functions. Mucins can act as ligands for adhesion molecules, growth factors, lectins, chemokines and cytokines (Fong, et al., 2000). Mucin can bind water and thus determine the state of hydration. Mucins block the passage of bacteria and larger molecules and become a barrier for infectious organisms (Pelaseyed, et al., 2014). Mucins have negatively charged oligosaccharides and so can retain positively charged particles when required (Becher, Waldorf, Merete, Uldbjerg, 2009). Mucins play roles in several other biological functions, regulation of gene expression, signal transduction, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, embryogenesis, immunity and apoptosis. Mucins also play a role in carcinogenesis (Becher, Waldorf, Merete, Uldbjerg, 2009). Secreted mucins Secreted mucins contain several disulfide rich domains. The PTS tandem repeat domain is found in all mucins, the secreted and the membrane bound mucins. It is a serine, threonine and proline rich domain that carries the O-linked glycans. The signal sequence at the amino terminus is also found in all mucins and both the secreted and membrane bound mucins feature a signal peptide. It helps the transport of mucins to the endoplasmic reticulum and guides the insertion of the mucin into the unit membrane for secretion or insertion into membrane. The membrane associated mucins have a domain called the cytoplasmic tail which lies on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane and is likely involved in cell signalling. The SEA domain is also found in the membrane tethered mucins. This domain has protein binding property and has an autocatalytic cleavage site. The EGFdomains mediate interaction between different mucin subunits and the ERBB receptors. The transmembrane domain spans the membrane (Corfield, 2014). The Cysteine rich domains, the Cysteine knot domain and the von Willebrand factor D domain are the structural features of the secreted mucins. The CYS domains are non-glycosated and multi-copy domains and lie between the tandem repeats, these perform the function of mucin-mucin interaction. The cysteine kno is a domain that is involved in dimerization and the von Willebrand factor D is a domain that mediates oligomerization at the C-terminus (Corfield, 2014). Secreted mucins are those that are secreted by cells such as the goblet cells while the transmembrane mucins remain bound to the plasma membrane Secreted mucins are either the gel forming mucins or soluble mucins. The insoluble type of mucins are usually the gel forming mucins that include MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC6 while MUC19. MUC7, MUC8 and MUC9 belong to the category of soluble mucins (Rachagani, Torres, Moniaux, Batra, 2009). On an evolutionary scale, the gel-forming mucins evolved before the membrane bound mucins. The location of their genes on chromosomes also gives clues to the evolutionary distance between the two types of secreted mucins (Gosalia, Leir, Harris, 2013). The differences also become evident when analysing the structure of their domains, their biosynthetic precursors and the posttranslational modifications of their polypeptide chains. The tandem repeats found in their domains and their functions point to the fact that they belong to the same family of proteins (Zaretsky Wreschner, 2013). Mucins are glycosylated proteins of large size and are essential components of the mucus that covers epithelial cells. Xenopus tropicalis has 26 mucin genes while most vertebrates have 5-6 mucin genes. Mucins form gel like structures and are provide protection to the epithelium from harmful substances and microorganisms (Lang, et al., 2016). In corals, the mucocytes secrete the mucus and the chemical nature is sulphated glycoprotein polymers. The mucus in cnidarians performs the functions of adhesion, reducing drag, acts as a 'scaffolding' and aid in anchoring and protection of eggs, reduce loss of water and provide protection from infections, desiccation and several stressors from the environment(Stabili, Schirosi, Parisi, Piraino, Cammarata, 2015). The gel forming secreted mucins evolved in the metazoans and are found in all animals. Only insects do not have secreted mucins. The MUC proteins are numbered according to the sequence of their discovery. Secreted mucins are components of the mucous that coats the epithelial lining of the digestive tract, the respiratory passage and the urogenital tracts, in some amphibia, the moist skin is also coated with mucus (Lang, Alexandersson, Hansson, Samuelsson, 2004). The presence of mucins in the mucous offers protection to the epithelium from desiccation, infection, physical o r even chemical injury. Its lubricant effects helps the passage of material through the tracts. In higher animals, such as, vertebrates, lubrication and protection of the epithelial lining are the main functions of mucin. But in lower animals, such as, cnidarians, locomotion, mating, homing and capture of prey or food are the main functions of mucus (Denny, 1989). Even within an organism, a variety of mucins are secreted, which are structurally different from each other. At times, one type of mucin may be produced by more than one organ in an organism. The glycoprotein mucin may differ in size from a few hundred amino acids long to thousands of residues in length (Perez-Vilar Hill, 1999). Mucins are rich in Serine, threonine , proline, aspartate, glutamate and glycine residues and form one or more domains that attach the O-linked glycosides and are made of tandem repeats (Goffredo Dubinsky, 2016). The dense arrangement of the oligosaccharides protects the mucin from proteolysis and keep the molecules in an extended conformation (Lang, Alexandersson, Hansson, Samuelsson, 2004). Since mucins are proteins their biosynthesis follows the general pathway of gene expression. And since the mucin glycoproteins are expressed by the goblet cells, the activated transcription factors cause an upregulation of the gene expression of MUC genes in the nucleus, where the activation of gene transcription leads to synthesis of mRNA. mRNA is then spiced and translated into the polypeptide which undergo the process of post-translational modification, and co-translational insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum. The O-linked glycosylation of the polypeptide backbone of mucin occurs in the Golgi bodies (Hanisch, 2001). The enzyme N-acetyl galactosaminylpeptidyltransferase catalyses the transfer of GalNac to serine or threonine. The glycosylation causes the shape of the molecule to change from globular to linear. The completely glycosylated mucin molecules are stored in secretory granules and are secreted to the cell surface when required. The membrane tethered mucins get inserte d into the membrane with the insertion of the transmembrane domain. The addition of the oligosaccharides to the polypeptide, during glycosylation, followed by folding into one or more domains and finally secretion into the lumen of the gut or airways through the goblet cells. The biosynthesis of the mucins, like all other proteins is preceded by the activation or up-regulation of mucin gene/s expression (Rose Voynow, 2006). Structures of mucins were elucidated by cloning and purifying mucins (Albone, Hagen, VanWuyckhuyse, Tabak, 1994). The mucin proteins fold into certain characteristic domains, one of these is the von Willebrand D or the VWD domain. A domain architecture is encountered when studying the structures of MUC5AC, Muc5B and MUC2 that has the domains (VWD-C8-TIL)-( VWD-C8-TIL)-( VWD-C8-TIL)-PTS-( VWD-C8-TIL). (The C8 domain stands for eight conserved cysteines and TIL stands for "trypsin inhibitor-like cysteine rich domain). A similar domain structure is found in the mucin proteins MUC6 and MUC19except that these two mucins are devoid of the VWD-C8-TIL at the C-terminal. while the CysD domain is found in MUC2 or MUC5 type mucins. Typically mucins have a cystine knot at the C-terminal, while some mucins have a VWF domain. (Lang, et al., 2016). The stimulation of gene expression of mucin genes can occur through inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor , interleukins, interferons or cytokines, bacterial products, growth factors, environmental pollutants or chemicals or contact with miscellaneous chemicals that trigger intracellular signalling in the cells to active the gene expression of mucins (Thai, Loukoianov, Wachi, Wu, 2008). In several diseases that involve the respiratory airways, such as cystic fibrosis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hyper secretion of mucus is a common symptom (Angelis, et al., 2014). The inflammation of the epithelial linings and altered production of mucus in the airways is also a common symptom in asthma patients(Holgate, 2007). Increased expression of the mucin gene or genes is a natural precursor of increased mucus secretion. Cytokines Interleukin -4, IL-9 and IL-13 have been associated with the diseases that involve airway inflammation (Schuijs, Willart, Hammad, Lambrecht, 2013). When interleukins-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18 and TNF were used to treat cultures of human epithelial cells of the tracheo-bronchial region, it was found that mucin genes, MUC5B and MUC5AC could be stimulated by IL-6 and IL-17, while IL-4, IL-9 and IL-13 did not stimulate the expression of the mucin genes. The ERK signalling pathway played a role in stimulating the gene expression of the tested mucin genes (Chen, et al., 2003). Location of the secreted mucins of the gel forming type occur at several locations. The MUC2 gel-forming mucin is expressed in jejunum colon, ileum and endometrium. The MUC5AC is secreted in the respiratory tract, stomach, conjuctiva, endocervix and the endometrium (Ho, et al., 2004). The MUC5B is expressed in the respiratory tract, endocervix and in the submandibular glands (Thornton, Howard, Khan, Sheehan, 1997). The mucin MUC6 forms part of the mucus in the stomach, ileum, gall bladder, endometrium and endocervix (Ho, et al., 2004). Among the non-gel-forming secreted mucins, MUC7 is expressed in the sublingual and submandibular glands while the mucin MUC8 is secreted in the respiratory tract, the endocervix, the endometrium and the uterus. MUC9 is expressed in the fallopian tubes. Transmembrane mucins As the name suggests the transmembrane mucin family includes mucins that remain bound to the membrane. The membrane bound mucins may have splice variants that may get secreted or these may undergo post translational processing that renders the mucin domains cleaved from the domains that are transmembrane in location. Examples of membrane bound mucins are MUC1, MUC4 AND MUC16 (Govindarajan Gipson, 2010). The generic structure of all transmembrane mucins has a large extracellular domain which has tandem repeat motifs that bind the O-linked oligosaccharides, a short domain that is transmembrane in location and a short cytoplasmic tail. The signal sequence at the N-terminal is encoded by mucin mRNA while translation occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. For the addition of the oligosaccharides through glycosylation, the mucins are processed in the Golgi bodies. The oligosaccharides contribute to mucin functions of lubrication, anti-adhesion and hydration. If sialic acid and sulfation modifications are found, those can be associated with adhesion-promoting motifs and might even provide a surface for bacterial binding (Chaturvedi, Singh, Batra, 2008). The domains that are characteristic of the membrane bound mucins include the SEA (Sea urchin sperm protein, enterokinase, agrin) domain (with the exception of MUC4), the epithelial growth factor like domain, the glycosylated internal r epeat domain, von Willebrand factor domain, AMOP adhesion associated domain, PDZ binding motif and the NIDO domain (Van Putten Strijbis, 2017). The receptor like structure of the membrane bound mucins is similar to that of innate immune receptors. The extracellular domains perform barrier functions while the intracellular cytoplasmic domains can perform the function of signal transduction once they are phosphorylated. Proteolysis can lead to the shedding of the extracellular domain if they bind to bacteria and send signals for phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domains. These changes can alter the cellular response to epithelial cell adhesion, inflammatory response, apoptosis and differentiation (Van Putten Strijbis, 2017). The transmembrane mucins are expressed on the surface of goblet cells and epithelial cells of the stomach the intestines, the respiratory system, the lacrimal and salivary glands, pancreas, gall bladder, liver and they differ among themselves based on the number of domains and the length. These proteins protect the epidermal surface from invasion by the pathogens and maintain the mucosal barrier function (Van Putten Strijbis, 2017). The SEA domain may have several functions but one of them is the ability to protect the epithelial cells from mechanical force and acts as a cell protective device (Pelaseyed, et al., 2013). The shedding of the extracellular domains of mucins in the serum, intestinal lumen and in supernatants of cell cultures on further investigation has proved to be indicative of diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (Buisine, et al., 2001), metastatic carcinoma (Smorodinsky, et al., 1996) and cystic fibrosis (Khatri, Ho, Specian, Forstner, 2001). Transmembrane m ucins are known to be overexpressed in various cancers, cystic fibrosis and even asthma. The domains in the mucins appear to play some role in cancer pathogenesis. The effects of mucins affect cell survival by altering the processes of cell growth, cell proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy. The intracellular domain of the MUC1 mucin serves a s a surface for the binding of signalling proteins (Bafna, Kaur, Batra, 2010). Membrane anchored mucins that are expressed are MUC1, MUC3A, MUC3B, MUC4, MUC12, MUC13, MUC15, MUC16, MUC17, MUC20 AND MUC21, MUC1 is expressed ubiquitously while MUC16 is the largest protein in size. MUC 3, MUC12 and MUC13 are expressed in the gut epithelium while MUC1 and MUC16 are expressed in the epithelia of the female reproductive tract, the respiratory tract and the ocular surface (Gipson, Spurr-Michaud, Tisdale, Menon, 2014). MUC16 is a large mucin that contains 22000 amino acids and is over expressed in ovarian cancer and some other types of cancer and is referred to as the CA125, which is often used to diagnose the cancer. The stimulation of expression occurs due to activation by interferon and tumor necrosis factor . The over expression also occurs in breast and endometrial cancers (Morgado, Sutton, Simmons, Warren, Lu, 2016). The EGFdomains that occur as one of the extracellular domains in membrane bound mucins may interact with EGF receptors and thereby play a role in receptor signalling (Carraway, Ramsauer, Haq, Carraway, 2003). The release of EGF domains perhaps has a role for them at a distant site, as in the case of cytokines. The mucin domains therefore communicate with the cellular environment within and outside the cells (Carraway, Ramsauer, Haq, Carraway, 2003). The regulation of gene expression of mucin genes occurs through the activation of MAPK pathways via cytokines, lipopolysaccharide from Gram negative bacteria and lipid constituents from Gram positive bacteria. Most of these pathways activate the NFB upregulation (Thai, Loukoianov, Wachi, Wu, 2008). The Sp1transcription factors may also upregulate transcription of mucin genes(Thai, Loukoianov, Wachi, Wu, 2008). The expression of the membrane bound mucins occurs at several locations in the body. MUC1 is expressed in the breast duodenum, ileum, pancreas, colo, trachae, bronchii, cornea, conjunctiva, fallopian tubes, uterus, endometrium, endocervix, ectocervix and the vagina (Corfield, 2014). MUC3A/B is associated with cell membranes in the small intestine, the colon and the gall bladder. The mucin MUC4 is expressed in the breast, the respiratory tract, small intestine, the colon, the conjunctiva, the cornea, the ectocervix, the vagina and the endometrium. MUC12 is expressed on the epithelial cell membranes of colon, pancreas, prostte and uterus. MUC13 is associated with the colon, kidney, trachaea and the small intestine (Corfield, 2014). MUC15 is expressed as a membrane tethered mucin in the colon, respiratory tract, small intestine and prostate. MUC16 is expressed in the ovary, cornea, conjunctiva, respitory tract and the endometrium (Corfield, 2014). the several functions of the mucus are inpart fulfilled by the mucins at different locations in the body. Applications of mucin gene Mucins can have applied uses as diagnostic markers, applications in immuno-therapy and gene therapy as delivery vehicles. Mucins have potential applications in the design of drug delivery systems, although mucin acts as a natural barrier in drug delivery because it can reduce drug permeation. Mucin's property of adhesion can be used in drug delivery systems, such as in design of encapsulated microspheres, or in nanoparticle based delivery. It can find applications in the design of mucoadhesive patches, gels or tablets. It may be possible to utilize mucin networks for immobilization of nanomaterials or change the manner of particulate transfer because of its own properties of adhesion or employing the steric forces to use. If drug transmit time in the gastro intestinal tract is to be increased, mucin can be used effectively. If mucoadhesive polymers, such as, poly vinyl pyrrolidone, carboxymethyl cellulose or chitosan are used in conjunction with mucin, the residence time of drugs can be increased and this can enhance the chances of drug absorption (Authimoolam Dziubla, 2016). The role of mucin application in tissue engineering has also been explored by some researchers. Mucin can actually function as a functional scaffold because mucin has been found to associate with lectins and selectins,both carbohydrate binding proteins. At the time of embryo implantation, cervical mucus scaffolds can affect the binding of blastocysts which are rich in L-selectins on the surface. So, mucus-L-selectin binding can affect implantationof embryo to the uterine wall. Drug delivery and applications in regenerative medicine can therefore be based on layer by layer formation of scaffolds (Crouzier, Beckwitt, Ribbeck, 2012). References Albone, E., Hagen, F., VanWuyckhuyse, B., Tabak, L. (1994). Molecular cloning of a rat submandibular gland apomucin. The journal of biological chemistry, 269: 16845-16852. Angelis, N., Porpodis, K., Zarogoulidis, P., Spyratos, D., Kioumis, I., Papaiwannou, A., Zarogoulidis, K. (2014). Airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. . Journal of Thoracic Disease, 6(Suppl 1), S167S172. https://doi.org/10.3978/j. Authimoolam, S., Dziubla, T. (2016). Biopolymeric Mucin and Synthetic PolymerAnalogs: Their Structure, Function andRole in Biomedical Applications. Polymers, 8(d71):oi:10.3390/polym8030071. Bafna, S., Kaur, S., Batra, S. (2010). Membrane-bound mucins: the mechanistic basis for alterations in the growth and survival of cancer cells. . Oncogene, 29(20), 28932904. https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2010.87. Becher, N., Waldorf, K., Merete, H., Uldbjerg, N. (2009). The cervical mucus plug: Structured review of the literature. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 88(5), 502-513. Buisine, M., Desreumaux, P., Leteurtre, E., Copin, M., Colombel, J., Porchet, N., Aubert, J. (2001). Mucin gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells in Crohn's disease. Gut, 49(4):544-51. Carraway, K., Ramsauer, V., Haq, C., Carraway, C. (2003). Cell signaling through membrane mucins. Bioessays, 25(1):66-71. Chaturvedi, P., Singh, A. P., Batra, S. K. (2008). Structure, evolution, and biology of the MUC4 mucin. The FASEB Journal?: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 22(4), 966981. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj. Chen, Y., Thai, P., Zhao, Y., Ho, Y., DeSouza, M., Wu, R. (2003). Stimulation of Airway Mucin Gene Expression by Interleukin (IL)-17 through IL-6 Paracrine/Autocrine Loop*. Journal of biological chemistry, 278: 17036-17043. Clare, A. (1995). Marine natural product antifoulants: Status and potential. Biofouling, 9(3): 211-229. Corfield, A. (2014). Mucins; A Biologically Relevant Glycan Barrier in Mucosal Protection.. Biochimica et biophysica acta., 1850.10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.05.003. . Crouzier, T., Beckwitt, C., Ribbeck, K. (2012). Mucin multilayers assembled through sugarlectin interactions. . Biomacromolecules, 13: 34013408. Denny, M. (1989). Invertebrate mucous secretions: functional alternatives to vertebrate paradigms. Symposia of the society for experimental biology, 43:337-66. Fong, A., Erickson, H., Zachariah, J., Poon, S., Schamberg, N., Imai, T., Patel, D. (2000). Ultrastructure and Function of the Fractalkine Mucin Domain in CX3C Chemokine Domain Presentation. Journal of biological chemistry, 275, 3781-3786. Frazo, B., Vasconcelos, V., Antunes, A. (2012). Sea Anemone (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria) Toxins: An Overview. Marine Drugs, 10(8), 18121851. https://doi.org/10.3390/md10081812. Gipson, I., Spurr-Michaud, S., Tisdale, A., Menon, B. (2014). Comparison of the Transmembrane Mucins MUC1 and MUC16 in Epithelial Barrier Function. PLoS ONE , 9(6): e100393. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100393. Goffredo, S., Dubinsky, Z. (2016). The Cnidaria, Past, Present and Future. Springer. Gosalia, N., Leir, S.-H., Harris, A. (2013). Coordinate Regulation of the Gel-forming Mucin Genes at Chromosome 11p15.5. . The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 288(9), 67176725. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.437400. Govindarajan, B., Gipson, I. K. (2010). Membrane-tethered mucins have multiple functions on the ocular surface. . Experimental Eye Research, 90(6), 655663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2010.02.014. Hanisch, F. (2001). O-glycosylation of the mucin type. Biological chemistry, 382(2):143-9. Harris, V. (1990). Sessile Animals of the Sea Shore. Springer Science Business Media. Ho, S., Takamura, K., Anway, R., Shekels, L., Toribara, N., Ota, H. (2004). The adherent gastric mucous layer is composed of alternating l ayers of MUC5AC and MUC6 mucin proteins. Digestive diseases and sciences, 49:15981606. Holgate, S. (2007). Epithelium dysfunction in asthma. The journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 120(6):12331244. Khatri, I., Ho, C., Specian, R., Forstner, J. (2001). Characteristics of rodent intestinal mucin Muc3 and alterations in a mouse model of human cystic fibrosis. American journal of physiology, gastrointesinal and liver physiology, 280(6):G1321-30. Lang, T., Alexandersson, M., Hansson, G., Samuelsson, T. (2004). Bioinformatic identification of polymerizing and transmembrane mucins in the puffer fish Fugu rubripes. Glycobiology. Lang, T., Klasson, S., Larsson, E., Johansson, M., Hansson, G., Samuelsson, T. (2016). Searching the Evolutionary Origin of Epithelial Mucus Protein. Mollecular Biology and Evolution, 33(8):19211936. Morgado, M., Sutton, M., Simmons, M., Warren, C., Lu, Z. (2016). Tumor necrosis factor- and interferon- stimulate MUC16. Oncotarget, 7(12):14871-14884. . Otero Gonzalez, A., Magalhaes, B., Garcia Villarino, M., Lopez Abarrategui, C., Sousa, D., Dias, S., Franco, O. (2010). Antimicrobial peptides from marine invertebrates as a new frontier for microbial infection control. . FASEB J, 24:13201334. . Pelaseyed, T., Bergstrm, J. H., Gustafsson, J. K., Ermund, A., Birchenough, G. M., Schtte, A., Hansson, G. C. (2014). The mucus and mucins of the goblet cells and enterocytes provide the first defense line of the gastrointestinal tract and interact. Immunilogical reviews, 260(1): 820. Pelaseyed, T., Zch, M., Petersson, A., Svensson, F., Johansson, D., Hansson, G. (2013). Unfolding dynamics of the mucin SEA domain probed by force spectroscopy suggest that it acts as a cell-protective device. FEBS J. , 280(6):1491-501. Perez-Vilar, J., Hill, R. (1999). The Structure and Assembly of Secreted Mucins. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274: 31751-31754. Rachagani, S., Torres, M. P., Moniaux, N., Batra, S. K. (2009). Current status of mucins in the diagnosis and therapy of cancer. . BioFactors (Oxford, England),, 35(6), 509527. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.64. Rose, M., Voynow, J. (2006). Respiratory Tract Mucin Genes and Mucin Glycoproteins in Health and Disease. Physiological Reviews Published 1 January 2006 Vol. 86 no. 1, 245-278, 86(1):245-278. Schuijs, M., Willart, M., Hammad, H., Lambrecht, B. (2013). Cytokine targets in airway inflammation. Current opinions in pharmacology, 13(3):351-61. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.03.013. Epub 2013 May 2. Smorodinsky, N., Weiss, M., Hartmann, M., Baruch, A., Harness, E., Yaakobovitz, M., . . . Wreschner, D. (1996). Detection of a secreted MUC1/SEC protein by MUC1 isoform specific monoclonal antibodies. Boichemical and biophysical research communications, 228(1):115-21. Stabili, L., Schirosi, R., Parisi, M. G., Piraino, S., Cammarata, M. (2015). The Mucus of Actinia equina (Anthozoa, Cnidaria): An Unexplored Resource for Potential Applicative Purposes. Marine Drugs, , 13(8), 52765296. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13085276. Thai, P., Loukoianov, A., Wachi, S., Wu, R. (2008). Regulation of Airway Mucin Gene Expression. Annual Review of Physiology, 70, 405429. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100441. Thornton, D., Howard, M., Khan, N., Sheehan, J. (1997). Identi?cation of two glycoforms of the MUC5B mucin in human respiratory mucus. 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Project Hope International

Executive Summary Project Hope international seeks a grant of $25,000 to fund an information technology project for young people in East Palo Alto. The project is aimed at serving 250 young people within the community every year. This will enable them to take advantage of the opportunities brought by information technology and to learn about their rights and roles in fighting human trafficking and gender violence.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Project Hope International specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Project Hope International is a non-governmental organization (NGO) that runs its operations in South Asia, United States (US) and Africa. The organization’s current mandate is to bridge the technological gap that exists between East Palo Alto and the neighboring Silicon Valley (communities which have been isolated from the rapid economic and technological revolution that has been going i n the neighboring communities). East Palo Alto is a dynamic community with inhabitants hailing from various communities (Plugged In, 2000, p. 1). The mandate of Project Hope international is to provide the technological know-how to empower people to rise against social ills such as human trafficking and gender violence. The technological aid is aimed at complementing educational strategies to create more awareness about human trafficking and gender violence. The organization’s mandate in East Palo Alto is to improve computer access and to ensure the community takes advantage of the opportunities posed by information technology in enriching their lives. The organization’s function revolves around three main concepts of education, enterprising, and accessibility (Plugged In, 2000, p. 1). The organization currently runs an after-school program for people from all backgrounds and ages called community Kids. The main participants of the after school program are students bel ow the age of 12. Several concepts in information technology are taught in this program and they include basic introduction to information technology, graphic design and other concepts. This program is run in collaboration with community-based groups and other relevant stakeholders in the education sector. This is the main factor that acts as the basis for this proposal because it seeks funding for the main class that targets children and teenagers.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To be able to finance effectively this project, project Hope International seeks a grant of $25,000. This financing will be used to cater for 250 children (annually) and provide enough educational opportunities for the improvement of the quality of education in the community. Project Need There is a direct link between gender violence and illiteracy (or a lack of education) (Mathur, 2004, p. 1 2). The same link exists between human trafficking and illiteracy. It is as a result of this revelation that, Project Hope international seeks to educate the local community about the importance of understanding their rights and knowing where to report various social ills that affect them. There is no better way to achieve this objective than through education (Fernando, 2007). However, there are several challenges experienced before education is fully imparted into the local community. The main challenge of imparting this knowledge among community members is the difficulty experienced in realizing a significant educational outreach. Since Project Hope International does not enjoy a vibrant infrastructure of imparting knowledge to community members, such as that evident in the country’s education system, there is a lot to be offered by information technology because it provides the appropriate infrastructure for learning. It is from this understanding that Project Hope Intern ational seeks a $25,000 funding for computer education classes aimed at educating young girls, women and children in the community. The organization’s strategy in imparting knowledge among the young people of the community is mainly based on the principle that, the younger a person is introduced to information technology, the higher the chances of using information technology for economic growth and personal empowerment. Project Objectives There are several objectives which the project intends to achieve. First, the project intends to have a low teacher-student ratio where teaching will be individualized and more effective. The ideal ratio would be one teacher for every six students (Scott, 2000, p. 143). Currently, this ratio is not achieved because of a lack of enough facilities and resources to run the program.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Project Hope International specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn Mo re This project also aims to achieve a project-based approach where most learning activities will be undertaken in the context of a project. This teaching strategy is projected to provide more meaning to the learning process because it is assumed that, projects empower children with more skills than most learning methods (Mathur, 2004, p. 12). Ideally, the project aims to encourage students to come up with publications such as magazines, presentations and such like works which highlight various dynamics of gender violence and human trafficking. This project is also designed to take advantage of the flexibility that conventional school curriculums do not provide when teaching various issues of the society (Nicoll, 2006). Since Project Hope international is a non-governmental organization, it aims to exercise this flexibility. It is from this flexibility that the organization seeks to shed light on various social issues affecting the community. Finally, this project aims to highligh t the fact that, technology can be used for various purposes in the community. Most importantly, the project aims to expose young people to the endless strategies they can adopt to use information technology for the advancement of their community and personal lives. Project Impact This project aims to achieve several objectives. The main objective is to improve the community’s level of education regarding gender violence and human trafficking. It is believed that, if the populace is educated about their rights, they can be able to stand up against the above vices, thereby contributing to fight gender violence and human trafficking (Bancroft, 2010, p. 2). It is also believed that, educating the community, and more especially the young people about gender violence and human trafficking, there will be a surge in the demand for accountability and responsibility from the relevant authorities (regarding human trafficking and gender violence) (Kakkar, 2004). Moreover, there is bound to be an increase in the number of ambassadors against gender violence and human trafficking if the community is educated about the consequences and spread of these vices.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apart from educating the community about their rights and the consequences of gender violence and human trafficking, this project also aims to improve computer access in the community. There is a strong commitment within the organization to ensure that there is adequate internet penetration in the community and that most community members have computers. Currently, Project Hope International operates a computer drop-in-center and a computer networking program which is known as epa.net which acts as a resource for community members to undertake research about various issues in the society (Plugged In, 2000, p. 1). For close to two decades, epa.net has been able to connect 18 community organizations into a common network which has assisted them to develop WebPages and websites which have significantly improved the efficiency of their operations. Project Steps This project is designed to work on two fronts. The first front is centered on forging community partnerships with local organi zations. The second front is centered on availing enterprise high-end computer training (Plugged In, 2000, p. 1). Most of the information technology classes are designed to include the input of community-based organizations and schools. Their contribution is aimed at utilizing the already existing infrastructure for teaching. The entire project aims to integrate the contribution of six community partners, Shule Mandela elementary school, East side preparatory Academy, Children’s preservation network (an after school program), Next Generation day care, Green oaks elementary school and MOMZ (Plugged In, 2000, p. 1). The project will work with third to eight grade students from Shule Mandela elementary school and ninth graders from East side preparatory school. East side preparatory school is a private school in the community. The project will also work with five to nine year olds from Next Generation Daycare. Comprehensively, the program will offer four types of classes in the following sequence: Shule Mandela, MOMZ, Project Hope international Enterprises and Multimedia productions. The first class will be aimed at teaching students how to use computers for creative projects. The first year will focus on introducing computers to students and the second year will be dedicated to introducing students to various types of computer applications such as Microsoft word and the likes. The second phase of the project ensures that, students are versed with the Macintosh operating system. A new class will be started annually. At the third stage of project implementation, students will be required to undertake a project, based on a specific topic area (either human trafficking or gender violence) using desktop publishing or multimedia production. The main aim of this project phase is to introduce students to various information technology projects students can undertake to make an impact in the community. Project Evaluation Since the entire program is divided into re spective stages, several evaluation criteria will be used. The first evaluation criterion will be the development of attendance sheets for all classes which will be compiled into weekly reports. Secondly, class journals will be kept by the respective instructors and sent to all relevant staff. These documents will also be made available online, for review by other stakeholders. Thirdly, a portfolio for each class will also be maintained to include the project outcome for every stage. Lastly, quizzes will also be conducted to test basic class competencies. Organizational Capacity Project Hope International has traditionally been known to be a melting point for most NGOs, donors, policy makers, professionals and other stakeholders in alleviating the social suffering brought about by human trafficking and gender-related violence (Academy for Educational Development, 2006, p. 1). The organization mainly aims to achieve this objective through education, advocacy, and coordination, among some of the stakeholders identified above. There are other NGOs which work with Project Hope International to achieve the same objectives and they include Polaris Project, Free the slaves, Fair fund, The Protection Project and the likes. Though there are many entrants fighting for fair gender treatment and against human trafficking in the society, Project Hope international is unique in its mandate because it has a wider outreach in the most significant areas where human trafficking and gender violence are most prevalent (Academy for Educational Development, 2006, p. 1). These places are Asia and Africa. Other organizations do not have such kind of presence in the continent. Financial Implications Project Hope International seeks $25,000 to finance part of the information technology literacy project. The cumulative total expense for the entire project is estimated at $83,000 for teenagers and children (more than 70% of this population group is targeted by the project) (Plugged In, 2 000, p. 1). If the project costs surpass the planned budget estimates, funds are going to be sourced from the organization’s contingency fund, but the same funds will be replenished within the shortest time possible. So far, there has been significant support from some professionals in the Information technology field who intend to undertake voluntary work within the project’s schedule. Also, as evidenced in earlier sections of this paper, there has been significant support from existing educational institutions in the local community. This project is expected to stretch beyond the period stipulated in the project timetable. This advancement is necessitated by the importance of expanding the educational outreach into other groups of people who would contribute towards the realization of the organization’s objectives. Funding for this expansion will be sourced from well wishers, donors and the organization’s contingency fund. Project Hope intends to acknow ledge the input of its sponsors by publishing their logos in local campaigns and brochures. Conclusion Project Hope International aims to improve the social wellbeing of several communities across the globe. However, it is a strong belief within the organization that, true social liberation, mainly in the areas of human trafficking and gender violence, can be achieved by educating the general populace about the issue and its dynamics. It is from this understanding that this paper seeks to source funding for the improvement of education through information technology. This project goes a long way to ensure the local community contributes to the fight against human trafficking and gender violence. References Academy for Educational Development. (2006). Project Hope International. Web. Bancroft, A. (2010). Importance Of Education: Illustrated In An Oration, Delivered  Before The Trustees, Preceptors Students Of Leicester Academy, On The  Fourth Of July, 1806; At Opening Of A New B uilding For The Use Of That Seminary. New York: Thomas Sturtevant. Fernando, A. (2007). Causes And Aftermaths Of The Economic, Political And Cultural  Migration In The Area Of The Caribbean And Central America During The Xxth  Century. New York: Editions Publibook. Kakkar, S. (2004). Educational Psychology. New York: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Mathur, K. (2004). Countering Gender Violence: Initiatives Towards Collective Action In  Rajasthan. New York: SAGE. Nicoll, K. (2006). Flexibility And Lifelong Learning: Policy, Discourse And Politics. London: Taylor Francis. Plugged In. (2000). Sample Grant proposal. Web. Scott, P. (2000). Higher Education Reformed. London: Routledge. This coursework on Project Hope International was written and submitted by user Shatterstar to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Computer Crime Essays - Hacker, Phreaking, Hacking, Free Essays

Computer Crime Essays - Hacker, Phreaking, Hacking, Free Essays Computer Crime Computer Crime It's the weekend, you have nothing to do so you decide to play around on your computer. You turn it on and then start up, you start calling people with your modem, connecting to another world, with people just like you at a button press away. This is all fine but what happens when you start getting into other peoples computer files. Then it becomes a crime, but what is a computer crime really, obviously it involves the use of a computer but what are these crimes. Well they are: Hacking, Phreaking, & Software Piracy. To begin I will start with Hacking, what is hacking. Hacking is basically using your computer to Hack your way into another. They use programs called scanners which randomly dials numbers any generating tones or carriers are recorded. These numbers are looked at by hackers and then used again, when the hacker calls up the number and gets on he's presented with a logon prompt, this is where the hacking really begins, the hacker tries to bypass this anyway he knows how to and tries to gain access to the system. Why do they do it, well lets go to a book and see Avid young computer hackers in their preteens and teens are frequently involved in computer crimes that take the form of trespassing, invasion of privacy, or vandalism. Quite often they are mearly out for a fun and games evening, and they get entangled in the illegal use of their machines without realizing the full import of what they are doing , I have a hard time believing that so lets see what a hacker has to say about what he does Just as they were enthraled with their pursuit of information, so are we. The thrill of the hack is not in breaking the law, it's in the pursuit and capture of knowledge. , as you can see the hacker doesn't go out to do destroy things although some do. It's in the pursuit of knowledge. Of course this is still against the law. But where did all of this start, MIT is where hacking started the people there would learn and explore computer systems all around the world. In the views of professional hacking is like drugs or any other addictive substance, it's an addiction for the mind and once started it's difficult to stop. This could be true, as hackers know what they are doing is wrong and they know odds are they will be caught. But as I mentioned some hackers are just above average criminals, using there skills to break in banks and other places where they can get money, or where they can destroy information. What a hacker does at a bank is take a few cents or even a few fractions of a cents from many different accounts this may seem like nothing but when all compiled can be alot. A stick up robber averages about $8,000 each job, and he has to put his life and personal freedom on the line to do it while the computer hacker in the comfort of his own living room averages $500,000 a job. As for people destroying information, this is for taking some one down, destruction of data could end a business which for some is very attractive. It can cost a company thousands of dollars to restore the damage done. Now that you have an understanding of what a hacker is, it time to move on to someone closely associates with a hacker. This is a Phreak, but what is that. For the answer we turn to the what is known as the Official Phreakers Manual Phreak [fr'eek] 1. The action of using mischievous and mostly illegal ways in order to not pay for some sort of telecommunications bill, order, transfer, or other service. It often involves usage of highly illegal boxes and machines in order to defeat the security that is set up to avoid this sort of happening. [fr'eaking] v. 2. A person who uses the above methods of destruction and chaos in order to make a better life for all. A true phreaker will not go against his fellows or narc on people who have ragged on him or do anything termed to be dishonourable

Idioms and Expressions in English Using Work

Idioms and Expressions in English Using Work The following idioms and expressions use the noun / verb work. Each idiom or expression has a definition and two example sentences to help your  understanding of these common idiomatic expressions with work. English Idioms and Expressions All in a days work Definition: nothing special, part of the routine Dont worry about it. Its all in a days work.Cooking is all in a days work. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. Definition: Idiom meaning that you need to have fun in order to be a happy, healthy person Go home! Remember: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.Im worried about him. He hasnt yet understood that all work and no play makes jack a dull boy. Dirty work Definition: Necessary, but uninteresting, or difficult work He did the dirty work on that project.Have you got around to doing the dirty work yet? Get down to work Definition: Stop relaxing, focus on important task Hey, lets get down to work here!Sorry, Ive got to get off the phone and get down to work. Get worked up over something Definition: become angry or annoyed about something He got all worked up over the last exam.Dont get worked up over the garden. Ill take care of it tomorrow. Make short work of something Definition: do something quickly I made short work of the assignment and moved on to the next job.Give it to John. Hell make short work of it. Work like a horse Definition: work a lot, work very hard Janet works like a horse!Why dont you ask Tom. He works like a horse. Work out for the best Definition: eventually finish well Dont worry about your problems. Everything will work out for the best.The divorce worked out for the best for the whole family. Work something off Definition: lose weight Im going running to work dinner off.She went to the gym to work off a few pounds. Throw a monkey wrench in the works Definition: cause a disturbance in something that seems clear and understandable I hate to throw a monkey wrench in the works, but dont you think we should ask Andy to help.Everything was set to go when Jack threw a monkey wrench in the works!

Jaguar Cars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jaguar Cars - Essay Example Product: Jaguar car is the product in this case. The new XK is available as either Coupe or Convertible, with the option of a normally aspirated 4.2 litre V8 engine or as the Supercharged R version. The XK 4.2L V8 Coup is a 6-Speed automatic car with acceleration 0-60 mph in 5.9 sec with a top speed of 155-250 Kmph. Its fuel efficiency is around 17 kmpl. The company proudly pronounces that Jaguar is dramatically beautiful, powerful and luxurious car. Its available in different variants like Coupe or Convertible, 4.2 litre V8 XK or Supercharged XKR. Ford focuses on its exhilarating lines and muscular intent in next-generation lightweight aluminium to attract the young consumer. Its interior too is designed quite aesthetically. A cockpit designed around the driver - intuitive controls, inspired by a sporting pedigree and tailored to respond precisely on demand. The XK features a host of intelligent technologies, each engineered to empower the driver and enhance the pleasure of driving. Jaguar has axed its S-Type model and replaced it with a new sports saloon called the XF. Place: The Ford Europe and Premier Automotive Group (PAG) recorded strong revenue growth in fiscal 2005. The Ford Europe and PAG primarily include the sale of Fordbrand vehicles in Europe and Turkey as well as sale of PAG brand vehicles. Jaguar form an important component of this brand identity together with Volvo, Land Rover and Aston Martin. Revenues from Ford Europe and PAG reached $60,258 million in 2005, up 11.3% over 2004. Ford Europe and PAG accounted for 34% of total revenues. Growing Ford Europe and PAG has enabled the company to offset revenue decline in the Americas division. Therefore Ford strategically placed its Jaguar brand in UK and other EU nations. From the financial figures so far it appears that Ford's strategy has worked well. In fact, Jaguar pitted couple of its models against BMW, but The S-Type, which was launched as a direct competitor to the BMW 5-Series in 1999 was widely criticized for being overly conservative, and the model is now ready for being discon tinued. Price: The car is competitively priced. The base end 4.2 litre V8 Coup is available with a price tag of 59,995.00. In the fourth quarter of 2006 Ford suffered some losses owing to ending of its employee-discount pricing incentives, rising gas prices, and rising interest rates. Now a days the pricing strategy is also influenced by the growing trend of users purchasing used SUVs. Fuel economy plays a major role in deciding the price factor and attraction for the customers. Promotion: Marketing communication in turn helps a company in building a brand, creating brand loyalties, increase in sales, cutting costs, etc. UK market is a very diverse market in general which caters to customers/ consumers from different walks of life, different cultures, ethnic groups and age groups. In today's market driven economy concept, the art of communication to existing consumers as well as prospective consumers takes a great deal out of the managerial brain storming sessions. Jaguar launched a wide ranging online and mobile campaign in September 2006 for its new XKR sports car, which was officially unveiled at The London Motor Show. Interactive marketing took the lead for the car's launch, with cinema and press advertisement backing up. There were

Doctoral statistical methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Doctoral statistical methods - Essay Example These involve observation of track behavior, responses and associate it with the sound trigger. However, the assessors may apply quantitative analyses to determine the experiences of the 33 women. Quantitative data are used when the factors being analyzed are countable (Chiang 2003). The results of which are extrapolated to draw general deductions on whole populations. These methods analyze and explain data in relation to a phenomenon; furthermore, it provides guidance in the presentation of data. The responses are studied for randomness and systematic sequences (Chiang 2003). The assessors correlate prenatal experiences with effects to sound by assessing the propensity to suckle in response to the most familiar readings. Consequently, the assessor must acknowledge the occurrences of sampling errors that may emanate from unique cases with the babies. These include the hearing ability, brain development, the general mood and appetite of the infant. Qualitative readings are represented scientifically in histograms, graphs and charts (Chiang 2003). However, quantifiable data are summarized to measure the correlation, variability and central tendencies. Merging of the two methods in a mixed approach provides a comprehensive answer that determines the responses of speech and language amidst

Injustices during the progressive Essay Example for Free

Injustices during the progressive Essay During the late 1800s and early 1900s, there were a lot of injustices in the United States. The Progressive Movement, which began in the late 1800s attempted to bring about government reforms and correct injustices in America. One example of the problem in the U.S. was over population of the American cities. More and more people began to move cities from rural areas for jobs. As you can see in Document I, the cities were overcrowded and the infrastructure could not hold up with the influx of people moving to urban areas. The people lived in overcrowded housing developments that were dirty and poor. There was also abuse in industries. This was exposed by Upton Sinclair (Document 2). One of his most well known novels was The Jungle, which showed the abuse in the meat packing industry. He uncovered how the people would take extremely spoiled meat and use it as sausage or put it in to a can. They also used all parts of the meat and even rats were found to be in the meat. By writing this book, Sinclair was able to expose the corruption in the industry of meat packing, and Congress passed the Meat Inspection Act. A position change brought about the declining numbers of children between the ages of ten and fifteen who worked. In Document 3, you can see by the chart that the number of children working decreased by 6.8% from 1890 to 1920. Children were often used as cheap labor and were abused greatly. The government was able to reduce the number of working children under sixteen during this period of time because many states passed children labor laws. Around this time, big businesses came to power. As shown in Document 4, there were many abuses in businesses. The people who ran and formed these industries/trusts/businesses, such as Andrew Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Henry Ford. They acted like the big bosses and held control of much of the U.S. industry. In Document 5, Teddy Roosevelt explained how he felt about how these big businesses (oil, steel, copper, etc.) should be regulated if they are only in it for the money and power. Teddy Roosevelt became known as  a trust-buster because he enforced the Sherman Antitrust Act. During the late 1800s the Progressive Party was formed. They wanted to bring about change in the U.S. One of their main goals included the reforming of industries. In Document 6, their platform is partly shown. Under their platform, they wanted to prevent accidents, diseases acquired on the job, and unemployment. They further wanted to have better health and safety centers, and minimum wage. In 1913, the 17th Amendment was added to the Constitution (Document 7). When the Constitution was first written in 1787, the senators were elected by legislators. In order to make the selection of senators more democratic, the 17th amendment was added. It said that senators would be elected by people from each state, not by the legislature. This is why we now have candidates that campaign for seats in the senates to the people. By adding this amendment to the Constitution, it made the U.S. more democratic. Women suffrage also took place during this time. People like Susan B. Anthony (Document 8) and Elizabeth Cady Stanton worked and campaigned for women to be allowed to vote. Susan B. Anthony used the preamble of the Constitution to argue her case. She stated that the Constitution said We the people not We the men' She said the Constitution was written for all people, not just men. Her efforts eventually paid off, and the 19th amendment was passed in 1922 allowing women to work. In conclusion there were many injustices in the U.S. from the late 1800s to the early 1900s. The Progressive Movement help to bring about more change as did the government. Teddy Roosevelt tried the limit the abuses of big businesses, and women suffrage was granted, and the meat packing industry was exposed. With each time comes problems but with activists some are changed and reformed. During this time period, there were a lot of injustices and issues, many of which were discovered, addressed, and reformed.

Ambition in Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth essays

Ambition in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A key issue involved in Macbeth is ambition. Ambition is created when determination gets out of hand. It finds its most significant expressions in the plays two main characters, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. The main reason why it all gets started is because of the witches' interference by putting suggestions into Macbeth's mind. Lady Macbeth's ambition forces him to act on these ambitions as well. The couple proves that unchecked ambition will ultimately destroy.    Macbeth is a brave man who is not naturally inclined to perform evil deeds, yet he desperately wants and desires power and succession. At the end, he is not happy with what he has accomplished, "I am afraid to think what I have done; look on `t again I dare not" (Shakespeare Macbeth 2.2.51-52). He kills Duncan against his own logical judgement and later drowns in paranoia and guilt. Macbeth is led to wicked thoughts by the prophecies of the three witches, especially after the witches' prophecy that he will be made Thane of Cawdor comes true. Macbeth is a powerful man and...

My Experience with Technology

I have never really thought about how much I depend of technology. We got our first family computer when I was about 9 years old. At the time my brother was a computer geek (still is) and he would go buy the computer books that had programs in them where you had to type everything out to get a game on the computer to play. So when I would help or when he was teaching me, we would mix some of the programs up and see if we could come up with anything. Then it was to BBS’. That opened a whole new world!We could meet people online without actually meeting them. Now its becoming more and more complexed.. Now there is so many programs out there it’s hard to keep up. I have taught myself just about everything I do on the computer. I know Microsoft Word, Windows, Adobe reader and those are just the ones I can remember off hand.. I am pretty comfortable learning new programs and look forward to it. At this time the only one I can think of that my hinder me is Excel. Since I have only used it once I am not 100% comfortable with it yet.But I will be by the time this class is over. While I worked as a manager at a pet store we used a program called Campbell, it would keep track of the employees hours, what we sold in the store and everything in between. While I was at Staples I was learning all kinds of programs and applications. At this time the only thing that comes to mind that I would have a concern about would be not being able to ask a question and getting an answer right away. I look forward to this class and learning new applications that I can use on the computer.

How Miller Creates Conflict in the Crucible?

English Controlled Assessment Draft: Conflict in the Crucible The play I am studying for this essay is called â€Å"The Crucible† and I will be focusing on Act 1 of the book. The question I will be answering is what’s the most powerful type of conflict in the opening act of the crucible? The word conflict means a state of disharmony, opposition and or fighting. The conflict portrayed in the Crucible is often described as tools used to describe events in Millers time period.For example, witchcraft doesn’t exist in Salem yet that is the basis of the storyline of the play and many people die as a result of accusations over witchcraft. During the time Miller wrote this book, the cold war was happening and many people in America were accused of communism (including Miller himself), when they were accused they were routinely asked to give names of other communists which is the same as the ‘witches’ in Salem were asked, whether the devil â€Å"come-with an other person† and many of these people turned out to not be communists in the first place same as the accused ‘witches’.So it seems that Miller uses the fact there were not any witches in Salem as a metaphor suggesting there were not any communists in America. Miller conveys Putman as a source of conflict as a result of his rivalry for power with Parris. This is demonstrated when Mr Putman is seen as attempting to stir drama over Parris’s daughters situation â€Å"No witchcraft! Now look you Mr Parris†.As Parris is so plainly defiant in his denial of â€Å"witchcraft† affecting his daughter, this portrays Mr Putman as deliberately trying to annoy Parris to most likely make him look like a loose cannon in the eyes of Salem to steal his job. Which makes sense as Miller tells us that the Putnam’s resent Parris and Mr Putnam wanted his brother in law to have Parris’s position. The directive â€Å"Now look you† magnifies this a s although Parris has more authority than him, he is already seen as trying to order Parris around.This is then amplified when Parris replies stating â€Å"They will howl me out of Salem for such corruption in my house† as Mr Putnam is seen as the main rival to Parris, it seems that Parris implies that Mr Putnam is the one who will â€Å"howl† him out of Salem. In addition, the word â€Å"Howl† at first seems to be a hyperbole as Salem is first thought of as a good religious community, but it then creates contrast towards the end of act one as the town is seen as willing to give the death penalty to children because they think that their witches â€Å"This woman must be hanged! . This creates tension throughout the audience as it makes them realize Salem isn’t as united as it first seemed and there is a massive power struggle between the two families as â€Å"howl† also portrays Mr Putnam as a monster, more specifically a werewolf which is a mytho logical predator and predators like to be at the top of the food chain. However, Parris already has a place on top of the metaphorical food chain which places Putnam and Parris as natural rivals.Also, it creates tension in the audience by showing just how important power is in Salem as Parris and Putman both care more about power and their reputation than their own daughters. Miller’s intentions of this may be to show that people will act in extreme ways to protect themselves including neglecting their daughter, which links back to Millers era as many accused communists were interrogated under torture and many tried to escape leaving behind their families.In the play â€Å"the crucible† Miller portrays a community in conflict when proctor’s commitment to their puritan ideology is doubted. This is demonstrated when Proctor states â€Å"No, No, Abby. That’s done with† when Abigail appears to flirt with him. The connotation of â€Å"That’s don e with† suggests that Proctor once committed the sin of Adultery with her which is a very serious sin to the Puritans. The repetition of â€Å"No, No† shows that proctor knows he’s done a bad thing not just in terms of the Puritan Ideology but also in terms with his own morals.However, the fact Abigail wants to do it again and doesn’t consider it a bad thing shows the conflict and divides between the older and younger generations in Salem as the younger generation’s challenge the Puritans rules without remorse. This creates nervousness within the audience as it demonstrates just how fragile the unity of the community in Salem is. It also links back to Miller’s intentions as he may be trying to suggest that paranoia divided communities as it did in America when many people were being accused of communism over little things.Miller intensifies a sense of conflict towards the end of act 1 through a fast paced scene when multiple accusation of wit chcraft are made. This is started when Abigail exclaims â€Å"I want to open myself! † and from there onwards Betty also takes up the chant and blames people â€Å"I saw Martha Bellows with the devil! † The fact that the curtain descends with â€Å"Devil† as the last word spoken reflects the state of fear on stage and the divides caused by this conflict to Salem as normally the people of Salem talk about God but as a result of this conflict they end by talking about he Devil, an abnormal thing for them. The use of Exclamation marks, snappy sentences and the amount of accusations made infers that it is a fast paced, loud scene and reflective of the hysteria on stage. This creates dramatic irony towards the audience as they know the truth which is that witchcraft doesn’t actually exist, the fact witchcraft is punishable by death shows them that the girls are willing to let someone else die to prove themselves innocent thus creating a sense of conflict.The r epetition of the word â€Å"Devil† towards the end makes the audience feel sympathy towards the people that are getting blamed as they know that none of it is actually true. This can be linked back to Millers intentions as he may be trying to show that when people fear for their life they are willing to lie and blame others to save themselves which also occurred during the cold war (Millers era) when people lied and blamed other people of being communists to avoid themselves going to prison.To conclude, there have been many powerful conflicts throughout act 1, my final judgement is the rivalry of power between Parris and Putnam is the most powerful conflict. This is important as it provides the baseline for the story line. Parris states that there are ‘factions’ after his position in Salem, It is likely that he is meaning the Putnam family as they are seen as a main antagonistic rival in ‘The Crucible’ against Parris. He describes calling for Reveren d Hale as a â€Å"precaution† but denies that â€Å"witchcraft† is the reason for his daughter’s problem.As a result it is likely that he called for Mr Hale just so Mr Putnam doesn’t complain and demand his removal from power, so it is essential that Miller introduced with this conflict as without it the play wouldn’t be as gripping. This conflict effects the audience by making them realize that even before witchcraft entered the picture there was already a fragility in the community relations in Salem and it’s likely that these conflicts would probably at some time be realised and spark irrational action. Witchcraft is seen as just the trigger to this.

Principles of Newtons Law of Gravity

Principles of Newtons Law of Gravity Newtons law of gravity defines the attractive force between all objects that possess mass. Understanding the law of gravity, one of the fundamental forces of physics, offers profound insights into the way our universe functions. The Proverbial Apple The famous story that Isaac Newton came up with the idea for the law of gravity by having an apple fall on his head is not true, although he did begin thinking about the issue on his mothers farm when he saw an apple fall from a tree. He wondered if the same force at work on the apple was also at work on the moon. If so, why did the apple fall to the Earth and not the moon? Along with his Three Laws of Motion, Newton also outlined his law of gravity in the 1687 book Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), which is generally referred to as the Principia. Johannes Kepler (German physicist, 1571-1630) had developed three laws governing the motion of the five then-known planets. He did not have a theoretical model for the principles governing this movement, but rather achieved them through trial and error over the course of his studies. Newtons work, nearly a century later, was to take the laws of motion he had developed and applied them to planetary motion to develop a rigorous mathematical framework for this planetary motion. Gravitational Forces Newton eventually came to the conclusion that, in fact, the apple and the moon were influenced by the same force. He named that force gravitation (or gravity) after the Latin word gravitas which literally translates into heaviness or weight. In the Principia, Newton defined the force of gravity in the following way (translated from the Latin): Every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of the masses of the particles and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Mathematically, this translates into the force equation: FG Gm1m2/r2 In this equation, the quantities are defined as: Fg The force of gravity (typically in newtons)G The gravitational constant, which adds the proper level of proportionality to the equation. The value of G is 6.67259 x 10-11 N * m2 / kg2, although the value will change if other units are being used.m1 m1 The masses of the two particles (typically in kilograms)r The straight-line distance between the two particles (typically in meters) Interpreting the Equation This equation gives us the magnitude of the force, which is an attractive force and therefore always directed toward the other particle. As per Newtons Third Law of Motion, this force is always equal and opposite. Newtons Three Laws of Motion give us the tools to interpret the motion caused by the force and we see that the particle with less mass (which may or may not be the smaller particle, depending upon their densities) will accelerate more than the other particle. This is why light objects fall to the Earth considerably faster than the Earth falls toward them. Still, the force acting on the light object and the Earth is of identical magnitude, even though it doesnt look that way. It is also significant to note that the force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the objects. As objects get further apart, the force of gravity drops very quickly. At most distances, only objects with very high masses such as planets, stars, galaxies, and black holes have any significant gravity effects. Center of Gravity In an object composed of many particles, every particle interacts with every particle of the other object. Since we know that forces (including gravity) are vector quantities, we can view these forces as having components in the parallel and perpendicular directions of the two objects. In some objects, such as spheres of uniform density, the perpendicular components of force will cancel each other out, so we can treat the objects as if they were point particles, concerning ourselves with only the net force between them. The center of gravity of an object (which is generally identical to its center of mass) is useful in these situations. We view gravity and perform calculations as if the entire mass of the object were focused at the center of gravity. In simple shapes - spheres, circular disks, rectangular plates, cubes, etc. - this point is at the geometric center of the object. This idealized model of gravitational interaction can be applied in most practical applications, although in some more esoteric situations such as a non-uniform gravitational field, further care may be necessary for the sake of precision. Gravity Index Newtons Law of GravityGravitational FieldsGravitational Potential EnergyGravity, Quantum Physics, General Relativity Introduction to Gravitational Fields Sir Isaac Newtons law of universal gravitation (i.e. the law of gravity) can be restated  into  the form of a  gravitational field, which can prove to be a useful means of looking at the situation. Instead of calculating the forces between two objects every time, we instead say that an object with mass creates a gravitational field around it. The gravitational field is defined as the force of gravity at a given point divided by the mass of an object at that point. Both  g  and  Fg  have arrows above them, denoting their  vector nature. The source mass  M  is now capitalized. The  r  at the end of the rightmost two formulas has a carat (^) above it, which means that it is a  unit vector  in the direction from the source point of the mass  M. Since the vector points away from the source while the force (and field) are directed toward the source, a negative is introduced to make the vectors point in the correct direction. This equation depicts a  vector field  around  M  which is always directed toward it, with a value equal to an objects gravitational acceleration within the field. The units of the gravitational field are m/s2. Gravity Index Newtons Law of GravityGravitational FieldsGravitational Potential EnergyGravity, Quantum Physics, General Relativity When an object moves in a gravitational field,  work  must be done to get it from one place to another (starting point 1 to  endpoint  2). Using calculus, we take the integral of the force from the starting position to the end position. Since the gravitational constants and the masses remain constant, the integral turns out to be just the integral of 1 /  r2  multiplied by the constants. We define the gravitational potential energy,  U, such that  W  Ã‚  U1  -  U2. This yields the equation to the right, for the Earth (with mass  mE. In some other gravitational field,  mE  would be replaced with the appropriate mass, of course. Gravitational Potential Energy on Earth On the Earth, since we know the quantities involved, the gravitational potential energy  U  can be reduced to an equation in terms of the mass  m  of an object, the acceleration of gravity (g   9.8 m/s), and the distance  y  above the coordinate origin (generally the ground in a gravity problem). This simplified  equation  yields  gravitational potential energy  of: U  Ã‚  mgy There are some other details of applying  gravity on the Earth, but this is the relevant fact with regards to gravitational potential energy. Notice that if  r  gets bigger (an object goes higher), the gravitational potential energy increases (or becomes less negative). If the object moves lower, it gets closer to the Earth, so the gravitational potential energy decreases (becomes more negative). At an infinite difference, the gravitational potential energy goes to zero. In general, we really only care about the  difference  in the potential energy when an object moves in the gravitational field, so this negative value isnt a concern. This formula is applied in energy calculations within a gravitational field.  As a form of energy, gravitational potential energy is subject to  the law of conservation of energy. Gravity Index: Newtons Law of GravityGravitational FieldsGravitational Potential EnergyGravity, Quantum Physics, General Relativity Gravity   General Relativity When Newton presented his theory of gravity, he had no mechanism for how the force worked. Objects drew each other across giant gulfs of empty space, which seemed to go against everything that scientists would expect. It would be over two centuries before a theoretical framework would adequately explain  why  Newtons theory actually worked. In his  Theory of General Relativity,  Albert Einstein  explained gravitation as the curvature of spacetime around any mass. Objects with greater mass caused greater curvature, and thus exhibited greater gravitational pull. This has been supported by research that has shown light actually curves around massive objects such as the sun, which would be predicted by the theory since space itself curves at that point and light will follow the simplest path through space. Theres greater detail to the theory, but thats the major point. Quantum Gravity Current efforts in  quantum physics  are attempting to unify all of the  fundamental forces of physics  into one unified force which manifests in different ways. So far, gravity is proving the greatest hurdle to incorporate into the unified theory. Such a  theory of quantum gravity would finally  unify  general relativity with quantum  mechanics into a single, seamless and elegant view that all of  nature  functions under one fundamental type of particle interaction. In the field of  quantum gravity, it is theorized that there exists a  virtual particle  called a  graviton  that mediates the gravitational  force because that is how the other three fundamental forces operate (or one force, since they have been, essentially, unified together already). The graviton has not, however, been experimentally observed. Applications of Gravity This article has addressed the fundamental principles of gravity. Incorporating gravity into kinematics and mechanics calculations is pretty easy, once you understand how to interpret  gravity on the surface of the Earth. Newtons major goal was to explain planetary motion. As mentioned earlier,  Johannes Kepler  had devised three laws of  planetary motion  without the use of Newtons law of gravity. They are, it turns out, fully consistent and one can prove all of Keplers Laws by applying Newtons theory of universal gravitation.

Identify the Common Poplars in North America

Identify the Common Poplars in North America The genus Populus  most common North American natives include  one true poplar in the north, four primary species of cottonwoods and the quaking aspen. Most of the known 35 natural poplar species live in the Northern Hemisphere. The cottonwoods thrive in an ecosystem associated with riparian and wetland areas in eastern and western North America. The aspens are most comfortable in boreal environments dominated by conifers with aspen being a major broad-leaved species. Balsam poplar  (Populus balsamifera)  is the northernmost American hardwood and a major deciduous tree in Canada and Alaska. The Common North American Poplar Species Quaking aspenBalsam poplarEastern cottonwoodBlack cottonwood All have long reproductive catkins that appear just before the new leaves of spring and can help in identification. The resulting fruit is a capsule that opens into 2 tp 4 parts. The tufted seeds are shed in masses of white cotton which can cover the ground inches deep. The leaves of aspen and Eastern cottonwood are deltoids  where black cottonwood and balsam poplar are ovate. They occur on a branch alternately, are simple (single leaf) and mostly toothed. Interesting Facts The Eastern Cottonwood,  Populus deltoides, is one of the largest North American hardwood trees.  The aspen  has the widest range in the United States.  It occurs throughout the eastern United States and throughout Canada.Yellow poplar is not a true poplar and not listed here.

International Operational And Logistical Strategies Essay

International Operational And Logistical Strategies - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that total quality management encompasses combined management effort to improve and advance the quality of the company’s products at all levels. It has to do with meeting the customers’ quality expectation. Total quality management aids at improving effectiveness, flexibility, and effectiveness of an organization to meet the needs and expectation of all involved stakeholders. It facilitates planning and organizing to understand the contribution of all involved stakeholders. The frequently wasted energy and effort is eliminated through concrete and effective planning and organization. In total quality management, the leaders’ works on productive strategies of ensuring quality service management and total elimination of the detected problems and shortcomings. The ideology of total quality management accesses the management capability of managing people and business processes to meet customers’ quality expectation. Businesses provide the best outcome in satisfying the customers need through a well working combination of the total quality management and effective organization leadership. The guiding principle behind total quality management is suppliers-customer interface. The interface should be functional in internal level and in external level. Total commitment to quality is very essential in achieving the desired customer quality. To achieve the expectation of the total quality management ideology, frequent transmission of the quality messages together with the need and desire to change the culture of an organization for quality advancement are very fetal and necessary. The three main elements in total quality management are people, process, and systems available in the organization (Jarrett 2006, p. 57) In total quality management, the term quality refers to meeting fully the needs and expectations of the organizations’ customers. The component of quality in total quality management includes; reliability, maintenance, availability appearance, performance, delivery, cost effectiveness, and delivery. The understanding of the organization on all this needs necessitate total quality management (Joseph 2008, p. 50). After comprehensive understanding of the customer’s needs, the organization must strategize on the best means of achieving them for the sake of the customers (Slack, Chambers, Johnston, 2010, p. 19). The initial stage in achieving the quality expectation of the customer is conducting market research. Research helps in understanding the actual and real needs of the customers. The collected finding should be communicated to all relevant organization departments. For an organization to effectively meet the expectation of its customers, the involved stakeholders, department, activities must be integrated. The organization changes should also be based on customers’ satisfaction. Proper integration of all interfaces is very necessary in achievin g total quality organization (Zimmerman, 2006, p. 23). To meet the reality of total quality management, the process of transformation must start from the top. Senior managers must have the will and desire to achieve quality in the organization service delivery. They must demonstrate their total commitment and will of offering quality services to their customers. The operational managers must follow the suit of their seniors (Harrison and van Hoek, 2008, p. 87). Communication on the need and commitment to quality service delivery is also very relevant and demanding. The principles, ideologies, and benefits of total quality management must be communicated and understood by all playing partners. Frequent interaction and consultation in the organization is the real way of developing the required quality attitude and perception among the organization workers. The other core requirement in the total quality man

Guidelines for device based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities Research Paper

Guidelines for device based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities - Research Paper Example Recommendations in guideline for the device based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormality has proved to be beneficial for reducing the risk of sudden cardiac death and has improved quality of life. However, multi-centric clinical trials are needed to find an optimal timing for the implant for an indication. Guidelines for device based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities. Cardiac arrhythmias are still a major threat to human health and are so deadly that they are responsible for 50% of all the cardiovascular deaths related to the cardiovascular system (Piccini, Al-Khatib, Myers, Anstrom, Buxton, Peterson, & Sanders, 2010). Arrhythmias are not always pathological; they can be physiological like bradycardia in athletes and tachycardia during anxiety. Physiological cardiac arrhythmias usually do not need any treatment, they are recovered spontaneously but, pathological arrhythmias require heroic management. Anti- arrhythmic drugs and anti-arrhythmic devices are employed as a treatment strategy for arrhythmias. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, pacemakers and cardiac resynchronization therapy are the devices used to prevent death from arrhythmia; use of anti-arrhythmic devices are significantly associated to reduce mortality associated with arrhythmia (Piccini et al., 2010). Devices are used to prevent arrhythmia according to the guidelines of the American Heart Association, published in 2008. Guidelines for device based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities were designed by experts from the American College of Cardiology in collaboration with the American Association of Thoracic Surgery and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. The Recommendations were made after a thorough literature search so that treatment strategy can be standardized and clinical evaluation of patients can be made easy. The Guidelines aim to reduce inappropriate decisions for implantation of cardiac devices, provide confidence to cardiac consultants.When related to devices, guidelines are mea nt for promotion of their appropriate use and to abandon it’s under and over use (Epstein et al., 2008). Critical evaluation of all diagnostic procedures, diagnostic scales, and guidelines is necessary because it is directly related to appropriate health care delivery ( Epstein et al., 2008). Evidence based critical evaluation of guidelines is a scientific means to judge effectiveness of the guideline in promoting good patient care. Critical evaluation of the guidelines for device based therapy is inevitable to judge the pros and cons of the guideline; it also helps to find any danger, if associated with the recommendations. Scientific critics of the guideline are important means to generate new recommendations in order to make the guideline more favorable. Since it is related to the cardiology, critical evaluation of the guidelines for the implanted anti-arrhythmic devices are more demanding because negligence may take a patient's life in a few minutes. The nursing staff is usually the first hand care providers in hospital settings. Being medical professionals, it is inevitable for them to understand the importance of guidelines; they should know the recommended guidelines of device based management of cardiac arrhythmias because after treatment, patient’