Law Studies Essay

Respond to the following prompts in complete sentences. 1. What role did Enlightenment ideas play in the development of the United States? Give at least two examples to support your answer. The constitution uses philosophers ideas during the Enlightenment era. Jefferson shaped the country by solidifying the ideas of natural rights in term of government and religion. Locke was asserting that government had to be fair and equitable in order to be sustainable. 2. How are the ideas of the Magna Carta evident in the founding documents of the US? The Magna Carta set a precedent for the idea of a limited central governing body. It said that the king doesn’t have unlimited power and he needed the approval of those he govern. 3. Briefly explain the roles of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches and how the power of the government is separated among them. Legislative make laws Executive enforces the law and judicial interpret the law . 4. In your opinion, does the government work the way it should? Is power shared equally or does one branch control more than its share? Be sure to support your answers with details and examples. The original intend to having three branches is to be able balance them out but I think that the judicial branch has been claiming more power. Courts making decisions that overturn laws that have been signed into law even when there is no Constitutional basis for such an action. 5. Give one example of how you are affected on a daily basis by each of the following: your city/county government, your state government, the federal government. Each day I live I have to follow the law. So it affects me everyday even for little things like following the speed limit and to not littering. Even though we have law people are always breaking them but the law always wins and the get their consequences.

The Housing Allowance – Business Ethics

THE HOUSING ALLOWANCE Wilson Mutambara grew up in the slums of Rambia and through hard work and talent he was given the opportunity to study and receive his MBA in the united states. After three years of working at a cellular telephone service company, NewComm, he received the opportunity to go back to Rambia when NewComm decided to expand. All the employees at the NewComm offices in Rambia were set to receive $2,000 monthly for housing needs to insure that its employees live in a safe and convenient area and that their living arrangements are complimentary to the company image.One of the employees, Dale Garman, found out that Wilson was falsifying his monthly housing expenses and was in fact living in his old neighborhood, which couldn't possibly cost more than $300. The house that Wilson was living in was not up to the company standards and it looked as if he was sharing it with quite a few people. Dale notified Wilson's supervisor Barbara Weston of his living situation and Barbara confronted Wilson. Wilson admitted to the falsified invoices and pleaded to Barbara that there is quite a bit expected of him as a Rambian from the slums.He provides for his family and pays for his nieces' and nephews' educational expenses from that money. He also felt that if he lived in an expensive area like his colleagues, his family would judge his actions and think of him as selfish. Although Wilson had good intentions in falsifying his claims, he did not use the allowance as NewComm intended for him to do and more importantly falsified his invoices. Now Barbara faces a tough decision of deciding how to appropriately handle this situation in an ethical way. At the personal level of analysis, Wilson is the primary stakeholder.He looked at the situation at the beginning and assumed that it was fair for him to receive equal compensation for housing even though he chose to live below his means. He was helping his relatives and was unable to see that the fraud he was committing co uld have dire consequences. At the corporate level of analysis is NewComm, its’ management and employees in Rambia. The company, NewComm, is a very significant stakeholder since it is providing the money to Wilson and expecting that the obligations they allocate to their employees are met without protest.NewComm can also garner trouble from authorities or the IRS if they are reporting the housing allowance under benefits, and Wilson’s imprudence comes out as fraud and the government might also think NewComm is involved. The societal stakeholders in this case are Wilson’s relatives and the Rambian community who perceives Wilson as their hero for achieving success in America. After Barbara confronted Wilson about his indiscretion and he explained his reasoning behind it, she has to decide how to handle this appropriately. Barbara is obligated to handle this by taking NewComm’s best interest into consideration.It is imperative that she consider the harm Wils on’s decision could have caused NewComm since he used the money dishonestly and intentionally misrepresented his false housing, and now Barbara has to decide if Wilson should face disciplinary action, or even termination. However, Barbara needs to show empathy toward Wilson and consider the reasons why he felt obligated to defraud NewComm. Wilson felt that this money was being put to better use since he was helping more people with it instead of spending it to portray a better image of NewComm by living an extravagant lifestyle.From my perspective, the three alternatives for Barbara in this case are: i. For Barbara to give a probationary period to Wilson to correct his actions and find proper housing in keeping with NewComm’s image. He can move out of Old Town and into the â€Å"safer† neighborhood where the rest of his colleagues are residing. Although this is very unfair, he can also receive a pay cut to reimburse NewComm for the money he wrongfully took from the housing allowance allocation. ii.Since Barbara is the supervisor, she is allowed to change the company rules and can make a change in the housing allowance under special circumstances. She could add a provision in the housing allowance for employees to get approval to live in any neighborhood they choose to. Compared to the money that other employees in Rambia are receiving for housing, it would be unfair to pay Wilson less if he is choosing to live near his loved ones and helping his relatives. iii. The final alternative is for Barbara to terminate Wilson’s employment with NewComm.Philosopher Immanuel Kant considered moral rules categorical imperatives, meaning that they are absolute and unqualified commands for everyone, in every walk of life, without exception, not even for stressed professionals. Kant pursued moral principles that do not rest on likelihoods and that define actions as fundamentally right or wrong apart from any particular circumstances. A Kantian appro ach, which considers duty, fairness and rights, would force Barbara to terminate Wilson’s employment with NewComm, even though it would be unfair.It teaches a lesson to other employees to follow proper policies and procedures when it comes to contractual relationships with employers. Wilson did lie and defraud NewComm and for that Barbara can privately sit him down and explain all the reasons why he is being dismissed. For Kant the source of moral justification is the categorical imperative. In order for an act to be categorically imperative, it must be thought to be good in itself and in conformity to reason. Overall, Kant says what you care about simply doesn’t matter.Your duty is your duty, and you must do it whether or not you want to or not. Nothing exempts a moral agent from the demands of moral duty. The dilemma that is faced by Barbara can be solved with proper thought given to Utilitarian principles. Most of the utilitarian philosophers would want her to do th e â€Å"right† thing which would harm the least amount of people since utilitarianism takes into account everyone affected by the action, instead of self-interest only. Aristotle’s four virtues would want to ask about the moral standing of the people engaged in this case.The four virtues are prudence, justice, fortitude and temperance. Prudence, the cardinal virtue, would require Barbara to exercise sound judgment or apply practical wisdom. Prudence is an ethical excellence of heart and mind, displayed in an eagerness to seek and an ability to find the â€Å"just right† course of action, attaining the best outcome possible in the light of present circumstances. Another very applicable virtue is fortitude which ensures firmness in difficulties and constancy in doing the good. Fortitude is sometimes called strength or courage.Justice is another very important virtue; And Barbara could choose to be fair to Wilson and keep him with the company is he corrects his act ions, or better yet have the housing allowance rules changed so that every employee has the right to choose where they want to live. If Barbara were to follow Aristotle’s virtues, then she would think of the greater good and act with prudence, justice and fortitude. Aristotle would advise for Barbara to give a probationary period to Wilson to correct his actions and find proper housing in keeping with NewComm’s image.He can move out of Old Town and into the â€Å"safer† neighborhood where the rest of his colleagues are residing. In this case, Rawl’s theory of original position can also be used. Rawls proposes a set of Principles of Justice to be established through a thought-experiment, a kind of modern replacement for the philosophical state of nature. Basically, Rawls lets us imagine a situation where people are unaware of their own characteristics which may make given principles advantageous or disadvantageous to themselves.Through the veil of ignoranc e, people may then agree upon principles of justice independently of personal interests, meaning impartially and rationally. Those collectively decided principles should thus be socially fair. If Barbara is advised by Rawls, she can then look through the veil of ignorance to make this decision; it would most likely come out to that she terminate Wilson’s employment from NewComm. With the veil of ignorance she would have to look past Wilson helping his relatives and only look at the sham that Wilson committed.Personal knowledge of Wilson helping his relatives might tempt Barbara to select principles of justice that gave Wilson unfair advantage. Rawls claims that rational people will consistently adopt his principles of justice if their reasoning is based on general considerations, without knowing anything about their own personal situation. If Barbara is considering personal benefit over the greater good or the right thing to do then she might not be able to come to a clean an d honest conclusion.There are numerous practical constraints faced by Barbara in this situation. Barbara would have the live with whichever decision she makes regarding Wilson, if she chooses to fire him, she would have to live with the detestations from her inner self because Wilson’s relatives had gotten used to him providing for them and he was the bread winner for a lot of people. Now those people could be going hungry just because Barbara could not make changes to the policy and let Wilson work for NewComm.If Barbara were to let Wilson stay with company, the rest of the employees would think it is okay for them to also break company policy since the falsification by Wilson was taken too lightly. The action that should be taken by Barbara is to be fair to Wilson since he was trying to be a bigger person by helping his relatives and to payback his share to society. Barbara can be fair by amending the housing allowance and allowing for all the employees to receive the same $2,000 housing allowance for wherever they choose to reside. Barbara can show empathy toward Wilson nd consider the reasons why he felt obligated to defraud NewComm. Wilson felt that this money was being put to better use since he was helping more people with it instead of spending it to portray a better image of NewComm by living an extravagant lifestyle. Although, Wilson should also receive some sort of a reprimand for breaching the company policy and deceitfully misrepresenting his housing invoices. This decision is based on the four virtues of Aristotle and also the Utilitarian theory so she can help Wilson to help his relatives lead a better life. Read also: Disadvantages of Ethics in the Workplace

Controlling Organized Crime Essay

Combating organized crime can be an intricate task. Various laws exist in the fight against organized crime, and some have been successful in prosecuting several members of organized crime groups. However, without the refinement of such laws, organized crime groups will just find ways to get around such laws. Law enforcement efforts to combat organized crime can run into limitations as far as what law enforcement can and cannot do. Laws need to be changed to avoid such limitations. Without the changing of such laws, law enforcement efforts to combat organized crime will be almost wasted. Organized crime has become a growing problem over the last several years. Organized crime can exist in any community and strikes fear into the individuals which live in the communities in which an organized crime group has set up base. An organized crime group will come into a community where the government is weak, or nearly non-existent. Setting up base in these types of communities makes it easier for the organized crime group to perform their illegal activities. Organized crime groups have their hands in many illegal activities meant to make money. Illegal activities such as loan sharking, prostitution, illegal gambling, drug trafficking and human trafficking are just some examples of the activities organized crime groups are involved in. The problem with stopping these activities is that there can be a great number of people from one group committing these crimes, and getting to the â€Å"big fish† is almost impossible. Even if the small players are taken out of the game, those people likely will not tell who they are working for, making it almost impossible to take down the entire group. With organized crime reaching across state and country boundaries, combating organized crime can run into legal limitations. Each state’s and country’s jurisdictional requirements are going to vary. Different jurisdictional requirements make it almost impossible for law enforcement from one jurisdiction to apprehend criminals in anothe r jurisdiction. Organized crime groups are aware of these problems with jurisdictions and will use this knowledge to their advantage when committing criminal acts (Limbaugh, 2010). A major federal law intended to combat the growing problem of organized crime is the 1965 /1967 Mafia-membership (law proposed by Senator John McClellan) Senate Bill 2187, 89th Congress, Senate Bill 678, 90th Congress. This law states that any person who knowingly and willfully becomes, or remains a member of the mafia, or any other organized crime group, in which the group operates illegal activities such as gambling, extortion, blackmail, narcotics, prostitution, or labor racketeering, and the member has prior knowledge of such activities committed by the organized crime group, is subject to a punishment of no less than five years but no more than 20 years in prison and fines up to $20,000.00 (â€Å"Organized Crime And Federal Legislation†, n.d.). This particular piece of legislation appears that it would be very effective in combating organized crime. Taking out the small players in an organized crime group could lead law enforcement to the top of the chain-of-command, ther efore effectively taking down the group as a whole. Another federal law intended to combat organized crime is the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Statute. The RICO Statute provides penalties for persons involved in racketeering activities. Racketeering includes criminal acts committed such as any act or threat involving murder, kidnapping, gambling, arson, robbery, bribery, extortion, dealing in an obscene manner, or dealing in a controlled substance. I think this law would also be very effective in combating organized crime as organized crime groups are likely to be involved in some form of racketeering. Having laws such as the RICO Statute can bring down an entire organized crime group, as each member will likely be involved in some form of racketeering. Laws such as this one may not completely stop an organized crime group from committing such criminal acts, but this law may make an organized crime group think twice about committing such criminal acts. The continual refining of such laws intended to combat organized crime would create better efforts for the law enforcement fight against organized crime. As times change, organized crime groups are becoming smarter, and using new technology in the commission of criminal acts. Operating an online store to sell counterfeit clothing overseas would be one such example of use of new technology. Laws need to be refined to keep up with the changing criminal world. Laws written prior to the introduction of the internet did not take into account the changes that would come over time, so such laws have to be re-written to accommodate technology such as the internet. The fight against organized crime will be a never-ending effort. As long as there is public demand for prostitution, illegal drugs, and other services provided by organized crime groups, there will be organized crime. Taking down organized crime groups will have to be a joint effort amongst all law enforcement agencies, federal and state. By combining resources of state and federal law enforcement, a better handle can be gotten on the fight against organized crime. References Limbaugh, S. (2010). Controlling Organized Crime. Retrieved from http://voices.yahoo.com/controlling-organized-crime-6835298.html Organized Crime and Federal Legislation. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.organized- crime.de/OCLAWS.htm

Food Safety - Chemical, Microbiology, etc Term Paper

Food Safety - Chemical, Microbiology, etc - Term Paper Example In the wake of the salmonella outbreak, many companies withdrew their peanut butter products from the market. Nearly seventy companies recalled 125 peanut butter products. A large number of adults and children had fallen ill, after consuming the King Nut brand peanut butter. Tests conducted by the CDC and other state health institutions have confirmed traces of salmonella in the peanut butter, manufactured by the King Nut company. This brand is supplied in large containers to organizations, such as nursing homes, schools, and hospitals. However, consumption of peanut butter products of other companies that were sold to customers in retail outlets or grocery stores did not contain salmonella. The contaminated peanut butter was not sold directly to the consumers. It was supplied to food service providers in the States of Ohio, Michigan, North Dakota, Minnesota, Arizona, Idaho, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Florida. It was then redistributed to retail sellers. According to the Minnesota Department of Health, traces of salmonella bacteria were found in a container of King Nut brand peanut butter. This came to light on account of preliminary laboratory tests conducted on samples of peanut butter. The E. coli outbreak of 1993 had claimed the lives of three children in Western Washington. In January and February of that year, these children had consumed meat contaminated with the E. coli bacteria. This outbreak also caused 450 people to fall ill; in addition, a few others were rendered ill after being exposed to people who had been infected with these bacteria. Finally, the cause of this infection was traced to the undercooked meat served in the Jack in the Box Restaurants. Acylamide is a carcinogen and neurotoxin that is formed in a number of food products.

Visual Arts and Film Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Visual Arts and Film Studies - Essay Example Countries though united by the government, are often divided by religion, political parties, ethnicity and class. Unifying forces in different cultures include trade, belief in common descent and marriage. In any society, common cultural traditions also provide a basis for uniformity. This paper will examine three unifying elements of American popular culture, describing how these elements reflect concerns, interests and ideas in present-day America. One of the most significant elements of American popular culture is communication. Communication refers to the process of circular interaction, which involves a receiver, sender and message. Since Americans are intelligent and symbol making people, the messages may be conveyed either verbally or non-verbally through the use of words, either written or oral, graphs, signs, gestures, pictures, statistics and signs. Americans are versatile communicators and the contemporary American popular culture upholds the need for communication in the conveyance of ideas, views and interests. The capacity of humans to communicate changed from smoke signals to sound of drums to the Internet and TV. As dynamic beings, Americans constantly invent innovative and enhanced ways of communication in line with changing times and desires. Despite the communication symbol utilized in modern American society, a receiver and sender are often involved. Current-day Americans have dissimilar needs from those of ancient times (Storey 161). The means of communication used by Americans today reflect these differing needs. At present, Americans primary use the Internet to communicate. Technology presents a practical application of science to both industry and commerce. The cell phone is currently one of the most popular modern pieces of technology used by Americans for communication purposes. The cell phone helps with the spread of contemporary American popular culture. The invention is a form of wireless communication device, which is quite familia r to American mobile phone users. Cell phones allow communication between distant individuals thereby presents a viable tool for spreading contemporary American popular culture. Another popular element of contemporary American popular culture is football. Although football is only a game, it is presently a popular American spectator sport. For instance, on fall Saturdays, millions of people travel to and from famous college football games. Other congregations also meet in high school stadia while millions of people watch televised football. Notably, almost half of the adult population in the US watches the Super Bowl. Since football is of immense interest to Americans, it plays a significant role as a unifying cultural institution, which demands attention (Storey 116). America’s most popular sport manages to attract fans from different political, ethnic and social backgrounds and genders. The popularity of football, specifically professional football, depends precisely on the mass media, particularly TV. Football is peculiarly an American pastime despite its inherent violent nature. However, football is not popular among Americans on account of its violent nature. Notably, if football were an effective vehicle for the expression of aggression, it would have spread, like other sports, to other countries where people have similar aggressive tendencies as Americans. If the popularity of football centered primarily on a blood thirsty temperament, other bloodier sports such as boxing would be America’s national pastime. The explanation of football’s popularity in the US lies in its symbolism of various key characteristics of American life (Hassabian 82). Particularly, football is characterized by teamwork, which centers on specialization, as well

Josiah Wedgwood's Pottery Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Josiah Wedgwood's Pottery - Case Study Example This essay declares that  Wedgwood understood that in order for his wares to become more desirable they would need to be more than perfectly produced. They needed a boost in status. Wedgwood felt they needed to transcend the universal opinion that all earthenware was inferior to porcelain. This was key if his creamware was to gain popularity, and most importantly, fetch the high porcelain prices he hoped for.   To achieve this, Wedgwood took a unique approach: he actively sought out royal patronage.   Before Wedgwood, Staffordshire potters had used their social status and money to promote their wares, but Wedgwood used his skill and the high quality of his wares to promote its social status, and his. Wedgwood’s set of â€Å"tea things† for Queen Charlotte was a success and just the boost in status his wares needed.   For England, unlike on the Continent, this was the first royal commission of local ceramics, and it was a major endorsement.  This paper stresses that  Wedgwood had the foresight to predict that the commission would bring him the powerful selling tool of prestige.   Although Wedgwood was confident that he should take the commission, he was concerned about whether he could successfully execute it. Of particular concern for Wedgwood was the gilding. Wedgwood consulted other potters, and eventually perfected a gilding method using powdered gold. Wedgwood’s end product was a success and the Queen was so pleased that she agreed to rename Wedgwood’s creamware â€Å"Queensware.†... ctives, Wedgwood formed a group of committee trustees to assist with investing not only with road improvements but also with canal constructions as well, because the latter was more efficient form of transport. Eventually, Wedgwood triumphed and the canal was built in the path of his new estate. The Trent and Mersey Canal was to become the main artery of the Grand Trunk Canal, which would have an extension leading to London. Wedgwood's transportation improvement goals became a reality. Wedgwood understood that in order for his wares to become more desirable they would need to be more than perfectly produced. They needed a boost in status. Wedgwood felt they needed to transcend the universal opinion that all earthenware was inferior to porcelain. This was key if his creamware was to gain popularity, and most importantly, fetch the high porcelain prices he hoped for. To achieve this, Wedgwood took a unique approach: he actively sought out royal patronage. Before Wedgwood, Staffordshire potters had used their social status and money to promote their wares, but Wedgwood used his skill and the high quality of his wares to promote its social status, and his. Wedgwood's set of "tea things" for Queen Charlotte was a success and just the boost in status his wares needed. For England, unlike on the Continent, this was the first royal commission of local ceramics, and it was a major endorsement. Wedgwood was offered the commission either, as he expressed in a letter to his br other "... because nobody else would undertake it..." or perhaps because the first potter had failed (Reilly, I, 200). Whichever was the case, Wedgwood had the foresight to predict that the commission would bring him the powerful selling tool of prestige. Although Wedgwood was confident that he should

Music under Stalin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Music under Stalin - Essay Example The RAPM which dominated the 1920s and 1930s also advocated for anti-Western aesthetics that could be seen in works such as Lady Macbeth and led to the realization of the commencement of the Soviet musical history. Members of this group such as Marian Koval became one of the greatest critics of the works of Shostakovich (Edmund 2000, p. 88). There were other groups that were not as influential as RAPM such as Muzyka-massam which translates to music to the masses founded in 1929 to produce music to the citizens. Much, later, there has been political meaning given to the music written by Russian composers such as Shostakovich in which the works were overtly propagandist in nature such as the Eleventh Symphony that were a protest against the Soviet Union under Stalin. Shostakovich also composed music that could be said to be formalist when the RAPM was influential such as the opera â€Å"The Nose† and the ballets â€Å"Bolt and The Golden Age† that showed disdain for the m usic performed by RAPM. Despite the good works by artists such as Shostakovich and Prokofiev amongst other composers, they underwent a lot of repression in the year 1948 when the regime through its secretary general issued a decree denouncing them for their formalism and thus their music was suppressed with no publications or performances. Music under Stalin The Soviet regime’s under Stalin and those who adopted Stalinism had a stranglehold on the music that was supposed to be produced and composed that made creativity a difficult affair. However, some artists such as Shostakovich, Prokofiev and others managed to create musical masterpieces with distinct messages mainly to counter propaganda and inspire revolutionary purposes amongst the masses (Fairclough 2012, p. 68). There is still very limited understanding of the Soviet reality as concerns the music that was played and performed under Stalin. This incomprehension often leads to the misunderstanding and misrepresentation of the motivations and activities of those who composed and performed music including their meaning in the Soviet Union under Stalin. For example Shostakovich rarely explained his musical pieces with a program emphasizing no reference or illusions to his attitude towards the Soviet regime. Instead, he preferred confiding in a circle of friends whom he could t rust as discussing his music elsewhere would have killed his musical career. The revered Russian composer Rodion Shchedrin states that during the 1950s, nobody wanted to go to the gulag as at that time there was no independent judiciary in Russia as the Communist party was the only jury with Stalin as the assumed judge. There is clear evidence that music was mostly composed for the omnipotent regime which sought to control the citizens both physically and spiritually as shown by the music of Prokofiev and Shostakovich. These two geniuses of Russian music were later accused amongst other Soviet musicians of not composing music that was accessible to the masses with their music christened ''antinarodnaya† which implied that their music was against the people. In â€Å"The War Symphonies: Shostakovich against Stalin† by Larry Weinstein, the author states that the film is clearly made to counter the propaganda of the

Health Care Business Plan Proposal Research Paper

Health Care Business Plan Proposal - Research Paper Example This business plan proposal will include a succinct examination of the market of the proposed center and the services to be provided and the equipment to be used. The business plan proposal will also describe the organizational structure of the health care center, which will include an examination of the organizational structure and a complete analysis of the employee makeup and remuneration practices. The next part of this business plan proposal will be focused on a marketing analysis of the proposed health care center. This will include the business demographics of the organization, the target market and the marketing techniques that will be used. This will also include a competitor analysis, which will be analyzed in the context of business growth and breaking into the current niche. The last part of this business plan proposal will outline a financial analysis of the proposed health care center. The financial analysis will outline the expected types of revenue, which includes an analysis of the service provided, the labor to be used, suppliers, space requirements, and other income statement items. This will help in determining the profitability of the new venture. This is a new company targeted at providing health care services to the part of the population affected by HIV and AIDS. This will be done by providing testing, counseling, and follow-up services for the afflicted patients. The company will be family oriented, meaning that the whole family is encouraged to turn up for the tests and care provided by our organization. The initial funding for the organization will be found through a partnership of two directors, who will henceforth work as equal partners in the organization. Therefore, the main service provided by the proposed health care center include testing, counseling and the provision of medicines, mainly Anti-retroviral, to the patients visiting the center. As already stated, the main services provided by our health care center

Global Supply Chain Managment (Evaluating the supply chain Essay

Global Supply Chain Managment (Evaluating the supply chain implications for an organisation) - Essay Example Along with fulfilling the demand there must be the management of inventory where the inventory level is not that much as compare to the cost of holding the inventory rises. The business cycles are determined where there are booms and slumps and the ways that are integrated strategically to smoothen the business cycle. The implications of getting green chain and the strategies how the green chain can be followed are kept in mind. The benefits and the disadvantages of having a green chain along with the challenges faced in getting a green supply chain are discussed. The risks associated with the supply chain are elaborated and the sufficient measures along with strategies that can be followed to minimize the risks. The time associated with some of the factors that are applied in the supply chain in order to get benefit from it and how the benefit can be utilized is discussed. 1) The Beer Game For the better understanding of the supply chain where the phenomenon of buying and selling is elaborated, a game is observed. A beer company is made and the supply chain is created. The different factors of the supply chain are understood better when they were applied and the inventory level changed accordingly. It is basically about elaboration of demand and supply for the product creating the cause for change in the inventory level in the company. The inventory level was managed by the management of the company in such a way that they do not run out of stock. The proper management of the inventory and handling of the demand and supply shall impact the management of the inventory. The risks of not been able to fulfill the demand are associated with the inventory level where the company runs out of stock and the customers’ orders cannot be satisfied (Simon, et al., 2000). On the other hand where the demand of the product is not appropriately ascertained and the company holds much more inventories then needed and incurs a holding cost. The difficulties faced included the poor management of the inventory as a result of late orders and delays along with the poor estimate of the demand of the product. Supply Chain Behavior Theory The theory of supply management consists of three elements which are description, prescription and the identification of alleged trends which were completely ignored in the beer game hence causing issues to rise (John, et al., 2006). Supply chain management and purchasing are often termed as similar which is ambiguous. Supply chain management is a much wider term including the operation management and logistics that the company uses in order to rotate a complete business cycle from purchasing to selling. When the company shifts from descriptive to prescriptive, problems rise. The prescriptive is more like a prescription which involves the working characteristics of the supply chain management. The trends analyst considers co operations rather than competitions. The trend identification is better observed in measuring the p erformance of the various factors of the su

Why is Gun Control a necessary tool to reduce the levels of violence Essay

Why is Gun Control a necessary tool to reduce the levels of violence in the USA - Essay Example However, the Gun Lobby groups are well organized, well funded, and substantially powerful for the all-out ban on such guns. Various government agency bully various lawmakers such as Congress members, Senators, and State Reps due to passing strict and effective legislation on firearms. The perception of "people kill people† is an unfounded phenomenon that gun rights advocates do not support. It is worth noting that guns were designed to murder people. The item is a war weapon that has become a way of life. Life is abruptly put to an end or altered through the pull of a trigger and the pistol’s crack. Many murder cases occurring across the world indicate that people have prior knowledge of each other in bar rooms, within the home, in parking lots, or on street corners among family, friends, and acquaintances (Spano & Pridemore & Bolland 19). In times of heated situations, the possession of firearms translates into murder. The other frequent occurrence in this case is evident when young kids have access to the guns. They play with fellow typical kids without knowledge of them being loaded. When kids poses to shoot others, it results into murder as they do not have a realization that such guns are actually loaded. In most cases, people with proper knowledge of one another involve in drastic arguments that become deadly in the presence of firearms. However, in reality, these individuals do not have an awareness of the actions they per take up to the moment the action crosses their mind and they face such situations. Further, it is even easier for people to aim a gun at people out of anger. This results in death or even permanent paralysis. In other poor urban areas, aspects of murder are rather rampant. This attributes to poverty, low employment, as well as minimal educational opportunities (Alcindor 123). In drastic environments, the drug presence, bad housing, as well as overcrowding are also major pointers of gun violence.

Business Forms Evaluation and Recommendation Essay - 1

Business Forms Evaluation and Recommendation - Essay Example If Betty decides to take in someone else, then the form would be some kind of partnership, or a corporation, or a limited liability company or LLC, all of them valid legal business forms, and all of them placing some level of liability on the individual persons forming the business when it comes to being answerable to their customers and suppliers. Given that Betty does not seem to have that much experience with running a coffee business, then it seems to make sense, given the options available, to form the business as a franchise. Moreover, for reasons that are to be explored further in the other questions, the best form is one where Betty runs the business as a single proprietorship (Spadea, Lanard & Lignana, n.d.; Sanders and Lambert, 2007). There are several options for â€Å"partners† or people to take in by Betty into the business. John, her husband, is one, ready to supply some capital for the business. Alice, the sister of Betty, is another. Erma, Betty's neighbor, is yet another, though she is not Christian. The religious inclination is one consideration in choosing someone if one is to make an assumption with regard to how religious inclination translates to business, moral and related values. Other issues, such as the level of commitment and energy that the different people options are ready to pour into the business, also matter. As well, domestic issues that can limit involvement and can constitute a conflict of interest are also pertinent considerations. None of the three options or â€Å"partners† are completely free of issues. John has the money, but will not commit any time or attention to the business. It helps though that he is the significant person in Betty's life, being the husband. That vital relationship can make up for any lack of commitment in terms of giving time to operate the business. Alice, meanwhile, while potentially committed and  willing to give time and effort to operate the business with Betty, is constrained by a conflict of interest, the other party being family.

Crossing the West and Unite Essay Example for Free

Crossing the West and Unite Essay Is Pan- Africanism merely an ideology of beliefs that belongs to a past?   Historically it can be traced that Africans in their country of origin have a great civilization but why in the world would this great people need to walk a crusade like one of its forerunner’s Du Bois when he said that: â€Å"The Last Battle of the West† in liberation of the Africans.   This was reechoed to the world when racial ideologies become severe in the West, in Latin America, and under the British Colony.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the paper written by Araia it was mentioned in detail how Pan-africanism followed throughout history how the Africans were discriminated from repatriation towards the movement of the Diaspora.   Some of them are also the black slaves who are treated well and given freedom by some of their masters.   This loyalty taught the Diaspora to adapt the ways their masters taught them. The Africans and Diaspora experienced the same discrimination and both have adjusted to their present environs.     It was also proven that one color is not a proof of unity since man seeks to have different clichà ©s or the need to belong to a certain group.   In some cases, adoption to a certain laws and culture makes a person get antagonized by two identities especially if the one being introduced is exactly opposed to his or her tradition.   And with that, instead of unification a person has the guilt of having adulterated ones culture or we may say to experience a culture shock.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That shock divides, and Pan-African organizations have travelled a long way to reunite its brood. An issue that goes with identity crises is repatriation which has bad and good consequences like founding its way for a new black republic in the western hemisphere.   That beginnings fostered confidence to the Diaspora and to the Africans in the continent.   These are somehow, providential that the Africans scatter the world like someone says that from evil there is an abundance of good.   In this scenario, we can conclude that those early Africans who crossed the continent have struggled, though some may loose their birth right marks, many have hold on to his true identity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In one of the conferences, African’s echoed the need to be respected like all other humans as Malcolm X stated that â€Å"†¦, so that Africa too becomes respected as other huge continents are respected, then, wherever people of African origin, African heritage or African blood go, they will be respected – but only when and because they have something much larger that looks like them behind them (GAraia).†Ã‚   His words explained the impact of Pan-Africanism ideology towards the African experience and the Black Diaspora. To him, the proof of a good race is the good examples that will be left behind by that color and creed.   Malcolm X words mean to say, the need for the Africans to show to the world that the race came from a good and descent stock while explaining that respect begets respect.   But first and foremost respect for oneself should come first.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The elevation of the human nature is based on its dignity, and for this reason it is necessary to look back to where this race belongs.   It is important to see how the older ones have struggled and how did they fought squarely the battle of searching for one’s identity.   Thus when it is found, is it an experience of neither dismay nor courage.   The integral part of this soul searching is whether it is accepted or not but the most important thing is to gain confidence and repair whatever damage is done.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The reformist Du Boisian pan-Africanism had more influence and ideological impact on Africans in the Continent during the early part of reunification but on the later part the transatlantic Pan-Africanism focused on nationalist ideologies thru Nkrumah.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, the vision of Garvey became relevant until today because it has promoted unity and well-being among Africans, re-examination of public policy against racism and other forms of discrimination which has resulted to security and equality, and provision of sovereignty and respect towards individual culture.   Identity crisis was changed into acceptance in spite that points of view can not always be the same.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Brazzaville and Casablanca could have been fueled by the so called identity crisis too which could have gotten down to the marrow of the new generations of the Africans in the middle of the 19th Century. The former against the bearing of a socialist mentality and the other gets intimidated of begging or having dependence on the Western aid.   Those are two opposing ideological differences that have affected the political and economic perspectives of that time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, in the course of time different Africans groups learned to focus on their similarities to bridge the gap that has existed due to various groupings.   This meeting of the minds ended in the formation of the African Unity which led by Nkrumah created the UNIA under the influence of the philosophy of Marcus Garvey to the Negritude of Cesaire and Senghor.   This movement led to the search of the African identity till it is known today as African Union (AU) which was previously called Organization of African Unity (OAU).   Today, we may say that the Pan-Africanism movement has matured and was able to handle whatever difficulties they would get entangled within their individual principles and personal circumstances.   Through viable global communications brought by new technology, a connection was built between Africa and its Diasporas which forge Pan-African unity transcending all unproductive dichotomies. Today’s relevance of the Pan-African   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pan-Africanism will remain the instrument of fostering unity and empowerment as long as there is marginalized Africans and Diaspora that has been continually growing in numbers.   It will be the voice to call and unite, and to remind wherever this colored men are, telling each one is his brother’s keeper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With the growing world spearheading towards globalization, there is a great need for Pan-Africanism to be a state led project in the emancipation of its great role in the 21st Century. There will be new challenges facing the Africa and the Diaspora despite of its historical achievements of decolonization and civil rights.   The ideology of collective empowerment can provide a great leap for Pan-African states and societies who are merely pawns in the world arena.   According to Nkrumah there is a need to pull all resources like the socio-cultural, eco-political aspects and demographic capitals to attain the Pan-African vision of the socio-economic development of all its civil societies namely the Africans and the Diasporas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is very striking to know that African migrants (Diaspora) today are very much educated as compared to people of its country’s origin.   Making the brain drain problem severe in Africa but these international migrants who are skilled are assets for the developing countries in terms of remittances and brain mobility.   Those who migrated towards the north are very much educated however they only comprise of the minority.   Majority migrated to other African countries.   In other words, the Diaspora represents a growing mighty force for the development of Pan-Africanism today.   The African Diasporas because of their dual identities acquired from their host countries became more flexible and at the same time equipped with enormous social capital that could defend the future of Africa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, the government only views the Diasporas as an economic resource or by way a dollar remittance arm.   They do not only exceed foreign investments cash capital but with their civic and cultural awareness could access global markets, create a more vigorous democracy that could strengthen a society that encourages growth of new philanthropic cultures.   Diasporas are regarded as people with multiple identities but with commitments firmly rooted to their country of origin.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The new generation of the African Diasporas will surely bridged the gap of the Atlantic and Africa and the African American created by prejudices and the racist media.   One can perceived today the growing awareness in the Pan-American consciousness for instance the assertiveness of the blacks in Brazil, the affirmation of Afrocentric culture in the US, and Afropolitan identities of the diasporas in European Countries.   They are collective struggles that show the world that these African migrants are reconstructing their identities by renegotiating their place in wherever host societies they belong which is in congruent that they will attain full democratic citizenship and status, a dream that has been long awaited by their peers and fore parents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the long run, this presence of the Diaspora will be felt by the whole world and in order to facilitate their presence, African policy makers and Pan-Africanism should take the Diaspora options seriously.   This requires networks that facilitate brain mobility, formation of diverse knowledge, and the defense to Africa which have been defamed in Euro-America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   AU with its 20 councils, promoted social and cultural contexts towards its civic organizations in order to unify and integrate Africa, an enduring dream for Pan-Africanism derived from the rising of the Diaspora’s homogenization from one’s host country.   The AU is more robust organization, and is more people friendly.   The OAU was preoccupied with politics, sovereignty and elite’s camaraderie. However, both are achievers in the vision of Pan-Africanism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In its present trend, AU launched the â€Å"African Union-African Diaspora Summit at all levels of the State and Governments, with a theme â€Å"Towards the realization of a united and integrated Africa and its Diaspora† in short, after crossing the West – the African will be united.   This unity hopefully will lead to a full cooperation and better understanding of every member of the Pan-African nations including the cooperation of the Diaspora host countries worldwide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The self acceptance of the Diaspora rejuvenated Pan-Africanism with its contemporary dictum of being able to combine the old and new.   Their demands are no longer driven by political independence but learning the complex ties that separate and unites them to their origin.   With this knowledge, unity will not be an elusive dream to the Pan-Africanism but a way of life transcending global marginalism that has been caused by inequality of power and privileges.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The passing of time may have healed the wounds in the past; the present generations are no longer alienated to the prejudices, but men and women who are proud of their colors and traditional beliefs.   These Africans are more capable of confronting the problems of today than merely following the course of history.   These are men who see the world, fair and square but able to form kinship and friendship even with those who had inflicted wounds on them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pan-Africanism is not just an ideology it’s praxis, a chain that links all Africans of the world.   It has guided the race through out history and will always be a gleaming light for those who find that multiple identities seem quite confusing.   It will be a bosom for all Africans to convene, and to learn that adopting other technologies and means is not to be come inferior but teaching this race the value of genuine patriotism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The so called ideology came from a long journey, it infiltrated the West and the Atlantic continent, and it has surrounded the world as bent on becoming a one and united dynamic race.   They will be people who will not be saddened by their past mistakes but more of a people who have stand and struggled to gain respect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These are people with human culture that is unique and these beliefs are needed to be upheld and preserved. The Pan-African vision will guide these beliefs through time which must be guided by wisdom.   Loving ones country does not hate the other; nationalism is not wrong as long as we do not hate or inflict wrong another nation.   Better still, we must love our own country but also loving the rest of the world and that’s what you call patriotism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For those who are lucky to cross the West, and the other Diaspora, and those who belong to each others continent it is time to unite.   After all, man belongs to one single stock – the human being with a body and soul.   Diasporas from all parts of the globe or Africans alike wherever continent they belong, they are just one brother and sister who belongs to one and the same human race.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To all Africans and Diaspora the ideology of Pan-Africanism will always be behind, until the time that this race received the respect its forerunners has long waited for.  Ã‚   It will always be the shadow that will unite every Africans and the Diaspora who has been nurtured and taught by its adoptive nation.   In turn, both will be teaching the other their ways combining new and old and giving good examples that the rest of the world will learn to admire and accept. Works Cited Ghelawdewos Araia. â€Å"The Historical and Ideological Foundations of Pan-Africanism.†Ã‚   2006.

English Literature Essays The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.

English Literature Essays The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby has become such a classic of American fiction that its literary merits easily obscure those qualities that also made it a favorite among readers. While critics have been quick to dismiss its thin plot and shallow characters as less important than Fitzgeralds brilliant depiction of the Jazz Age and his indictment of its shabby values, most readers take a different view. They praise the book because its plot is thin and its characters are shallow. These readers believe that this is precisely Fitzgeralds point, that the age itself could do no better than to produce shallow people living superficial lives. Academic critics speculated about the probable causes of this phenomenon, attributing it to the disillusionment brought on by World War I and the extreme measures taken to escape it. The aftermath of the war had brought, â€Å"a state of nervous stimulation†¦the generation which had been adolescent during the confusion of the War had now produced†¦ a whole r ace going hedonistic, deciding on pleasure†¦wherefore eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we die.† Readers saw a culture wallowing in hedonism, high on jazz and bathtub gin, and living life as if it were one long party and there was no tomorrow. More importantly, they saw the heroic and sympathetic figure of Nick Carraway, the outside observer, whose function it was to observe and report on the American Dream within Fitzgerald’s novel. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgeralds Nick Carraway becomes the outside observer that readers come to identify with. Nick has the sort of blessed innocence and shining ambition associated with heroes. There is a freshness about him, a basic goodness that appeals to that part of human nature that envies or craves or is irresistibly attracted to innocence. Beyond that, however, is the fact that, in the tradition of the hero, Nick goes forth into the world to encounter corruption and disillusionment and has to come to terms with this in reality. It is through Nick that we see the American Dream, as epitomized by Jay Gatsby, come crumbling down under the amoral pursuit of wealth. We, also, get a glimpse of the roles of class in distinguishing between the wealthy East and West Egg socialites, as well as, the stark contrast between two wealthy but different men, Jay Gatsby and Tom Buchanan. The following paragraphs will attempt to examine and analyze these issues more carefully as seen through the eyes of Nick Carraway. It is Nicks idealization of Jay Gatsby and his dreams that endear him to the minds of the readers. Gatsby on his own is not an easy character for readers to sympathize with without the special insight of the young and sympathetic Nick. If Nick can see the good in Gatsby, then the reader can dismiss the corrupt side as Gatsbys victimization by the system and dwell on the charming side, that side made all the more intriguing by the mystery surrounding this handsome, rich, and devastatingly detached personality. As Nick says of Gatsby, â€Å"His dream must have seemed so close that he could hardly fail to grasp it. He did not know that it was already behind him somewhere back in that vast obscurity beyond the city.† Perhaps the best way to grasp the perspective of the American Dream in the twenties is to imagine Gatsby standing alone in the second-story bedroom of his gorgeous mansion in West Egg, looking out at the pool and the tent and the lavish party going on, at his expense, beneath his window; listening to the jazz band playing, seeing the shadows of the flappers against the sides of the tent, quietly watchingaloof, detached, amused, and powerful. This illumination of what the American Dream had become was seen by many as the new idealism that, â€Å"Prosperity in the twenties had come to mean a rate of advance rather than an actual state of affairs†¦more and more Americans were inclined to explain their society in terms of productivity, profits and stock quotes.† Not Gatsby, however. In recounting Gatsby’s dream, Nick remembers vividly coming home and seeing Gatsby standing in front of his mansion, looking intently at East Egg across the bay. His American Dream extended just across the bay and always seemingly beyond his reach, wrapped up in the beautiful idea of Daisy Buchanan. Daisy Buchanan was Nicks cousin, a lovely, exciting, but shallow young woman who once had an affair with Gatsby before the war. While Gatsby was away in the war, she married Tom Buchanan. He was a handsome, wealthy man, but cruel and insensitive. Gatsby wanted Daisy back and thought that his wealth, accumulated through shady transactions, would make Daisy admire him, but he overestimated her and underestimated himself. Unfortunately for Gatsby, the American Dream was only possible through materialism as the Roaring Twenties saw, â€Å"Americans easily assumed that spiritual satisfaction would automatically accompany material success.† Gatsby made the mistake of thinking this way, as well. He felt that by accumulating worldly possessions he could win Daisy back and give her the life she had dreamed of. At one point, Gatsby goes so far as to show her all his valuable belongings, throwing shirts into the air, â€Å"shirts with stripes and scrolls and plaids in coral and apple gr een and lavender and faint orange.† Daisy, crying at this point to indicate the materialistic values that had consumed America, exclaims, â€Å"It makes me sad because I‘ve never seen-such beautiful shirts before.† This remarkable scene represents the whole embodiment of what the twenties era had become. It was characterized as an age of excess, overindulgence, consumerism, materialism, and individualism. It was Gatsby’s dream of Daisy Buchanan that would eventually lead him from poverty to riches and finally to his death as his amoral pursuit of wealth would give rise to the shattering of his American Dream. In one sense Gatsby is the manifestation of a new prosperous society. His mysterious past and opportunistic illusions of a dream work to his favor in the new era of prosperity and abundance. Daisy is Gatsbys one dream, and the reason he bought his house and gives his parties is to get her back. Gatsby becomes overly obsessed with Daisy as symbolic of his aspirations and dreams. This points to how unrealistic in his expectations he had become as he begins to live in a sort of fantasy world. Fitzgerald emphasizes this well when he states, â€Å"There must have been moments even that afternoon when Daisy tumbled short of his dreams- not through her own fault but because of the colossal vitality of his illusion. It had gone beyond her, beyond everything.† He persuades Nick to bring him and Daisy together again, but he is unable to win her away from Tom. Nick can see this, but he is powerless to stop the chain of events that, for all their melodrama, seem necessary to act out the d enouement of shallow lives lived recklessly, of shallow dreams shattered pointlessly. Nick tries to convince Gatsby that his dreams are unrealistic because the past cannot be repeated, but Gatsby’s reply of, â€Å"Can’t repeat the past? Why of course you can,† serves to illustrate the illusion of a dream Gatsby is trying desperately to hold on to. In the end, however, it all comes crumbling down as Daisy, driving Gatsbys car, runs over and kills Toms mistress, Myrtle, unaware of her identity. Myrtles husband traces the car back to Gatsby and shoots him, who has remained silent in order to protect Daisy. Gatsbys friends and associates have all deserted him becoming symbolic of the superficial lives of the times and the desertion of a dream, as only Gatsbys father and one former guest attend the funeral with Nick to see an American Dream laid to rest. Everything that has happened seems surreal to Nick and almost pointless as he recalls, â€Å"everything that happened has a dim hazy cast over it.† Fitzgerald points out through Nick that whether Gatsby had died or not his dreams still would have been murdered, nonetheless. Though Gatsby took the time to reinvent himself and acquire enough money (though illegally) to be considered wealthy, he would still never have been accepted into the inner circles of the East Eggers and the Buchanans. What Fitzgerald has done in his book is to add the idea of class to the idea of materialism and the American Dream. He divided these into distinct groups- old money, new money, and the poor. Paul Fussell, in his book on social classes reports that, â€Å"Economically there are only two classes, the rich and the poor, but socially there is a whole hierarchy of classes.† Fitzgerald edifies this by making basically the rich and poor classes, as well, with the only distinction being socially between the wealthy and how they accumulated their money. This distinction would set apart the â€Å"old money† of East Egg luxury and the  "new money† of the West Eggers who had recently acquired their riches through the prosperity of the times. The kind of class that Fitzgerald attributes to Nick Carraway and his family is neither of these. Fitzgerald suggests that Nick descends from the great American cultural component that had its origin in its ideal of a comfortable, cultivated, stable existence, drawing sustenance, generation after generation, from a family business, and living out its generations in the same spacious but unostentatious house. Midwestern idealism then is the hard solid moral core of America, and it produces a Nick Carraway, whose virtues are tolerance and honesty. These are precisely the two virtues that Fitzgerald needs in his hero: the tolerance to become involved with Tom, Daisy, and Gatsby, all of whom he mistrusts in varying degrees but the honesty never to be deceived by them and, more importantly, never to be corrupted by them. Opposed to this specific virtuous Middle West is a rather indefinite degenerate East, although it is particularized in the one small section in which most of the novel takes place: West Egg and East Egg, New York City, and the axis-the valley of ashes, Wilsons garage, and the great staring signboard eyes of Dr. T. J. Eckleburg that connects them all. Both Eggs represent corruption, but it is a corruption of different orders, connected with inherited wealth on the one hand and with occupation on the other. East Egg is the home of inherited wealth, whose deeply tainted characters Fitzgerald manages to suggest in Tom and Daisy Buchanan. It is in this community that Tom, as if by instinct, settled, and when asked by Nick if he intends to stay in the East, he replies, in his best bit of self-analysis in the book, â€Å"Id be a God damned fool to live anywhere else. West Egg is populated by nouveau riche, all of whom have acquired their gains in shady or marginal activities: politicians, moving picture people, fight promoters, gamblers, and bootleggers. Farther reaches of Long Island, beyond the Eggs, are briefly suggested in the same manner. According to Nick, the Easterner inherits his money, while the Westerner works for his, but the West Eggers earn their money by gambling or bootlegging. If the essence of Nick Carraway, the essence of the East is summed up in the respective characters of those two expatriates, Tom and Daisy, who between them in his intolerance and her dishonesty. In Daisy further is embodied the beauty of the East, Tom the power, and in their union a vast irresponsibility that smashes the dream of Gatsby and finally murders the dreamer himself. Tom Buchanan then is power and intolerance, Daisy beauty and dishonesty. His financial power is mountainous, and his physique corresponds: you could see a great pack of muscle shifting when his shoulder moved under his coat. It was a body capable of enormom leverage a cruel body. But this power, financial and physical, does not extend to his mind, whose powerful limitations are compensated for by a thick-skulled inflexibility. For while a libertine in action, he is in opinion a prig, faintly nourished by the thinnest pap that twentieth-century knowledge has produced, popular scientific explanations. This powerful stupidity has as its soul mate the beauty and dishonesty of Daisy. Both these characteristics of the feminine side of the equation are repeated, reemphasized, and exaggerated But money for Gatsby is a kind of metaphysical mystery as well, and certainly it is a synonym for beauty. It was the mysterious beauty of Daisy and her life that cast the original spell. Jay Gatsby may be a bootlegger and a fraud, but he is only defrauding a system that is a bigger fraud, a system that advocates a farce like prohibition, that adores glittering surfaces, that cares only for the trappings of success and not for how the gains were got. But in the American tradition of trying to have your cake and eat it too, cult readers get to envy Gatsby while respecting Nick. Nick has his head on straight; Nick learns from what he sees; Nick acquires wisdom from his experiences and thus tells us a cautionary tale. Ah, but for one brief, shining moment, Gatsby illuminates the sky, and if his death is all a silly mistake, its sordidness is redeemed by his nobility. He dies, after all, for love, but it is a love that is unrequited. The success behind Jay Gatsby according him was Rise from bed. . . . Study electricity. . . . Work. . . . Practice elocution, poise and how to attain it. . . . Study needed inventions. West vs east Bibliography F. Scott Fitzgerald, the Great Gatsby. Publisher: Scribner (1995) Jack Clayton directed movie, The Great Gatsby. (1974) John Braeman, Change and Continuity in Twentieth Century America: The 1920S. Ohio State University Press (1968). Harold Bloom, Gatsby. Publisher: Chelsea House Publishers. Place of Publication: New York. (1991). Loren Baritz, The Good Life: The Meaning of Success for the American Middle Class. Perennial Library (1989).

Housing Development Legal Issues

Housing Development Legal Issues Architectural BIM Technology Table of Contents (Jump to) Executive Summary 1.0 Introduction 2.0 St Johns College Respond housing Development 3.0 Evaluation of Legal issues 4.0 Conservation Protected structures 5.0 Duty of Care 6.0 Scope of Works 7.0 Boundary Disputes 8.0 Reflective Learning Bibliography Table of Cases Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Hymany [Pontoon] Ltd -v- Galkil Ltd t/a Impact Developments IEHC 188 Dempsey Anor -v- Waterford Corporation [2008] IEHC 55 (29 February 2008) Cite as: [2008] IEHC 55 List of Images Fig 1 http://www.mythenconstruction.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/St-Johns-College-Waterford.jpg Fig 2 http://waterfordireland.tripod.com/stjohnscollege.jpg Fig 3 http://maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V1,661050,611123,7,10 Fig 4 http://maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V1,661050,611123,7,14 Fig 5 http://maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V1,661050,611123,7,11 Fig 6- http://waterfordcouncil.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Solutions/s2.html?appid=c6d45bb300e6463db7e9c6bd1df43441 Fig 7 http://waterfordcouncil.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Solutions/s2.html?appid=c6d45bb300e6463db7e9c6bd1df43441 Fig 8 http://waterfordcouncil.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Solutions/s2.html?appid=c6d45bb300e6463db7e9c6bd1df43441 Executive Summary This document will focus on identifying expanding and exploring legal issues which may be encountered regarding the housing development by Respond in partnership with Department of Environment, Local Government and Communities. The project is to consist of 21 apartments in the upper level of the existing St Johns College building and 36 new apartments in a newly build block which will be located on the college site at Richardson’s Folly, Waterford. Mythen construction will be the contractors on site for the project which started in December 2013. The legal issues which will be focus of the project are Conservation Protected structures, Duty of Care, Scope of works and Boundary disputes. Each area will be outlined within the document and furthermore expanded on in order to outline methods of resolving such issues. Legal literature regarding both construction and general law will be used as will appropriate case law in order to widen the scope and provide a more general view of the issues. 1.0 Introduction The main aim of this document is to identify, evaluate and expand on â€Å"the main legal issues likely to arise in relation to the respond housing association development at St Johns College, Richardson’s Folly, and Waterford.† The document will explore legal issues related to Architecture which may occur or be encountered by both an Architect and Architectural Technician on site during the duration of the project mentioned above. In evaluating these issues, past legal cases associated to the topics will be reviewed in order to provide a clearer view of the issues in question, to the relevant laws and how these issues can be resolved. Guidance will also be provided in terms of how these issues can be dealt with and also how they can be foreseen and eliminated at an early stage in the future as to avoid any disputes between all parties involved in the project whether these disputes happen on or off site. Prior to the breakdown of the issues which may arise a short overv iew of St Johns College, the history of the college and a breakdown of the project undertaken by Respond will be outlined in order to provide a wider scope of the project as a whole. 2.0 St Johns College Respond housing Development St Johns College is a Catholic seminary which as mentioned, is located at Richardson’s Folly in Waterford. The college which was founded in 1880 for the Waterford/Lismore diocese. The college was made up of two schools the first being a classical school run by Rev. Thomas Flynn and the second an Academy run by Dr. Geoffrey Keating. The College closed in closed in 1999 due to lack of activity and vocations with the remaining students transferred. In 2007 it was announced that Respond Housing association in partnership with Department of Environment, Local Government and Communities had acquired sections of the site which is a protected structure of approximately 3900sq.m with a proposal of redeveloping the building into social housing. Mythen construction began works on site in December 2013. The development as it stands is to consist of the retrofit/redevelopment of the existing college building which is to include 21 apartments on the upper floors with a new building located on site which will house 36 new apartments (2400 sq.m approx.) the redevelopment will also include communal facilities. Below are images of the proposed and existing buildings with 3 OSI maps showing the site location and the proposed new site. Proposed development Fig 1 Existing building – Fig2 OSI Site plan – Fig 3 Existing building- Fig 4 Proposed new site Fig 5 3.0 Evaluation of Legal issues The following are the legal issues which will be identified, evaluated and expanded on. As mentioned these issues will be broken down in order to identify how these issues can arise, how they can be dealt with and how they can be prevented in the future. Previous legal cases, Legal literature regarding construction and general legal resources will be used to further the reasoning behind such issues and how they may arise. Conservation Protected structures Duty of Care Scope of Works Trespass Boundary Dispute 4.0 Conservation Protected structures The first area to be explored is conservation and protected structures. As the main college building is a protected structure this without doubt will be an issue associated with a project. When a project is undertaken which involves conservation or that of a protected structure it is essential to have an architect who has some experience in conservation or dealing with protected structures. As stated in the Irish Planning and Development act 2000 â€Å"Each owner and each occupier shall, to the extent consistent with the rights and obligations arising out of their respective interests in a protected structure or a proposed protected structure, ensure that the structure, or any element of it which contributes to its special architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, scientific, social or technical interest, is not endangered†[1]. In keeping with the statement above it is important for a conservation survey to be carried out on the structure prior to commence ment in order to ensure no part of the building is endangered. If with the project in question there is need to either for an addition or deletion an addition as stated by the Irish Planning and Development act 2000 â€Å"in the case of an addition, the addition is necessary or desirable in order to protect a structure, or part of a structure, of special architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, scientific, social or technical interest, whether or not a recommendation has been made under section 53[2]† On the other hand in terms of a deletion the 2000 act states â€Å"in the case of a deletion, the protection of the structure or part is no longer warranted† In order to avoid any disputes or breach of regulations it is essential to carry out work on a protected structure with a high degree of care. It is in everyone’s best interests to ensure that a protected structure is well maintained and preserved accordingly which in turn can eliminate any potential problems which may be encountered during the durati on of construction stage. 5.0 Duty of Care Duty of care can be defined as person or person’s responsibility to act with the same level of care, attention and cautiousness as a person in a similar situation when carrying out an act, ensuring that there is no possibly of danger or endangerment. For example a designer should strive to achieve the same level of competency as a designer within the same discipline when carrying out works ensuring that he has carried out the associated works with a reasonable amount of care. For example if an Architect fails to comply with building regulations this can be seen as a breach of his/her duty of care given that they have failed to ensure the safety of the building occupants once works have been completed failure to comply with such regulations may also lead to potential damage to the building.[3] When it comes to any kind of building project there will always be a duty of care whether it be to the structure itself, to the client and the persons working on the site. Both the contra ctor and Architect hold a duty of care in terms of the proposed development being fit for purpose and also that the construction has been carried out in a competent manor including the drawings which were prepared for the project. To give an example in terms of duty of care being breached by one party if the contractor feels as though the Architect is incompetent and that his/her drawings are not too a standard in which can be used to successfully and safely carry out the associated works the contractor may feel that the Architect is in breach of their duty of care and vice versa if the contractor/builder is not constructing the building in a safe and sufficient manner then the architect may feel the builder is in breach of his/her duty of care. In terms of an example of duty of care outside of construction the case of case of Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 is a fitting example as it came down to that it was the manufacturers duty of care to ensure the product was fit for human consumption and when it subsequently was found to not be fit for human consumption it was proven that it was a breach of duty of care on the manufactures side. [4] To ensure there are no disputes regarding duty of care it is crucial that all parties involved from the design team to the construction team are competent enough with their responsibilities to sufficiently successfully and safely complete the project without breaching their duty of care and also that they understand they have a duty of care and that this must be adhered too. 6.0 Scope of Works As per the RIAI Standard form of contract 2012 review by Tony Cunningham[5] scope of works can be defined as â€Å"The contractor must complete the works in accordance with the Contract Documents to the satisfaction of the Architect. The contractor must also comply with Architects Instructions†[6]. Prior to works commencing on the Respond housing development at St Johns College all works to be completed would have been outlined within the contract such as the contractor’s roles and responsibilities on site as well as off site. Cunningham also goes onto mention within the review that if the contractor fails to deliver the specified works outlined then he/she may be held liable with the cost of such implications either being added to or reduced from the contract sum. The Architect also holds the power to appoint a new contractor to site in order to complete the unfinished works left by the previous contractor whilst also charging incomplete work to the original contractor . Given the scale of the project at St Johns College this could potentially be a problem during the duration of the works. In the case of Hymany [Pontoon] Ltd -v- Galkil Ltd t/a Impact Developments [2011] IEHC 188[7] although the contractor had failed to complete some of the work which was outlined within the contract the judge deemed that the contractor could not be held responsible given the fact the scope of works outlined in the contract was broad and with very little specificity. Hymany [Pontoon] Ltd -v- Galkil Ltd t/a Impact Developments shows how in order for the contractor to fulfill the scope of works correctly it is essential that the scope of works is carefully outlined in depth in order to eliminate confusion which in turn could cause a dispute between the architect and contractors or vice versa. 7.0 Boundary Disputes When it comes to diputes involving boundarys there can be a number of factors or variables involved. In most cases involving boundary disputes it comes down to incorrect mapping which defines the boundarys of a site in position which in reality it may not be the correct position[8]. In order to attempt to define where a boundary lies the deployment of a professional surveyor to give his/her opinion on where the boundary lies may be crucial at the early stage in terms of elimating future disputes regarding the asscoiated boundary. In terms of St Johns College respond development from the pictures below the site of the develoment is outlined in blue with a smaller site also outlined in Fig6. There could potenially be a dispute if it is taken that the new development enchroaches onto the smaller site as this could also fall under prtivate nuisance. If there is no visible boundary between the two sites at St Johns College this may also cause a potenial dispute. In order to reslove a boun dary dispute it will take a combination of both surveyors and lawyers. The lawyers will provided the releavnt information regarding the deeds and documentation which the surveyor will use in their investiagtion into providing the legal position of the boundary. The majority of boundary disputes can also be resolved using mediation as it can keep a civil relationship between both parties while preventing costly legal fees.[9] [10] St Johns Boundary – Fig 6 Proposed Site Boundary – Fig 7 Secondary Site – Fig 8 8.0 Reflective Learning Overall given the scale of the St Johns College project it is highly likely that one or more of these issues will arise on site during the duration of the project. Although the issues mentioned can be resolved it can also be a lot more difficult to anticipate them. In saying this there are, as mentioned, ways in which they can be dealt with early on to try and avoid any disputes and intern make for a easier more succesful project but this does not always happen on bigger projects.The majority of the issues which are encountered on and off site on projects can be eliminated through good detailed planning and also ensuring all parties undertand the terms outlined in the various contracts asscoiated with the works. The legal issues exlpored within the document have provided a wider scope personally which is very benifical in terms of the future and future employment as I now have a greater understanding of what each one entails. I feel as though the project as whole was worthwhile and r ewarding.I feel as though my ability to compile a document of this nature has improved as has my general knowledge of contracts law and construction law. Bibliography Textbooks – Canny, J (2001).Construction and Building Law. Dublin: Round Hall Ltd. p23-27..57- 62 Speight, A Stone, G. (1996). The English Law of Tort. In: Speight, A Stone, G Architects Legal Handbook. 6th ed. Great Britain: Reed Educational Professional Publishing Ltd 1996. Scriven, J, Pritchard, N, Delmon, J (1999).A Contractual Guide to Major Construction Projects. London: Sweet Maxwell. Part 2 p8-21 Part 3 p17-32. Websites Base Surveys Ltd. (2010).Causes of Boundary Disputes.Available: http://www.baselinesurveys.ie/Causes of Boundary Disputes.html. Last accessed 18th March 2015 Cunningham, T. (2013).The RIAI Standard Form of Contract 2012 Edition: a Review.Available: http://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005context=beschreoth. Last accessed 18th March 2015. Irish Planning Development Act 200. (2000).Planning Development Act 2000.Available: http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2000/en/act/pub/0030/sec0058.html#sec58 Last Accessed 18th March 2015 Irish Planning Development Act 200. (2000).Planning Development Act 2000.Available: http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2000/en/act/pub/0030/sec0054.html#sec54. Last accessed 18th March 2015 OReilly, N, Shine, P. (2013).Beyond the bounds: resolving boundary disputes.Available: http://www.surveyorsjournal.ie/index.php/beyond-bounds-resolving-boundary-disputes/. Last accessed 18th March 2015 Journals – Smith, H. (2011). Construction dispute avoidance newsletter. Available: http://www.herbertsmithfreehills.com/-/media/HS/T21121146.pdf. Last accessed 5th March 2014 1 [1] http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2000/en/act/pub/0030/sec0058.html#sec58 [2] http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2000/en/act/pub/0030/sec0054.html#sec54 [3] Construction dispute avoidance newsletter http://www.herbertsmithfreehills.com/-/media/HS/T21121146.pdf [4] Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 [5] Tony Cunningham Dublin Institute of Technology [6] http://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005context=beschreoth [7] Hymany [Pontoon] Ltd -v- Galkil Ltd t/a Impact Developments IEHC 188 [8] http://www.baselinesurveys.ie/Causes of Boundary Disputes.html [9] http://www.surveyorsjournal.ie/index.php/beyond-bounds-resolving-boundary-disputes/ [10] http://waterfordcouncil.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Solutions/s2.html?appid=c6d45bb300e6463db7e9c6bd1df43441

student :: essays research papers

1. How important were economic factors in explaining the colonisation of South east asia by the West in the 19th century? Economic factors: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Colonies = profit †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Desire for profit since earliest Spanish colonization -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dutch and British trade and profit motivated -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  although America and France had different motivations colonies needed to access raw materials eg tin in Malaya access to China, most proftiable market in Asia, given by colonisation of Vietnam 2.1 Merchant pressure Need to ensure trade concessions Some states reneged on trade agreements, eg. Burma Frequent attempts made by British to ensure King's cooperation, sent Residents, but King ignored all agreements, even extorted from merchants. Therefore merchants put pressure on Crown government to colonise Burma, only way for them to retain privileges and concessions. 2.2. Economic momentum - Led to competition among merchants for bigger markets - Competition caused by imperialist profit-gaining More concessions wanted once they are given - imperialism and trade factors had culmulative effect 3. Safeguarding Trade and Stability Anarchy and instablity disrupted trade, colonisation helped prevent this. eg. Burma King Thibaw was a weak king, responsible for anarchy eg. Tonkin Black flags from China caused trade disruption made protecterate by French Pirate bases colonised too. Pirates attacked trade vessels. eg. Aceh, colonised by Dutch 4. Economic Competition Placed importance on economic dominance mutal fear of losing out to one another in trade. Only colonisation gave solid footing in region and a share in trade eg. possiblity of Germany's interest in acuquring Northern Malaya concerned British eg. King Thibaw of Burma gave many trade concessions to French, British annexed Burma paritally to shut French out. 5. New markets for goods 1870s onwards, more and more European countries industrialising. Competition existed among European countries.Imposed tariffs on imported goods to protect embryonic industries. So Euro countries looked to cheaper Asian markets to sell goods and acquire raw materials. Political factors: 1. Status and Prestige France equaled acquistion of Indochina with increased prestige This due to past humiliation from defeat in Franco-Prussian war, produced great determination to retain prestige in rest of world through colonisation. 2. Protection of existing empire good example would be British colonisation of Arakan in Burma and later rest of Burma. Done to prevent turmoil in Burma from 'spilling over' into adjacent India, their empire. Would have serious implications on trade Proximity to 'turbulent frontiers' enough. Eg. Strife in Perak/Selangor. Secret society conflicts spread to Chinese secret societies in Straits Settlements branches. Protection from other European countries. Colonisation of Burma due to fear that French would border India if it gained control of it. Idealogical factors: 1. Religious reasons France and Spain French colonised Vietnam to protect French missionaries from persecution of Emperor Tu Duc.

Transcendentalism and Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay -- History Historical

Transcendentalism and Ralph Waldo Emerson  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Transcendentalism was a literary movement that began in the beginning of the 1800’s and lasted up until the Civil War. Ralph Waldo Emerson was a man whose views on life and the universe were intriguing and influential. Emerson, along with other great men, helped to mold what Transcendentalism was and what it was to become. Without these men, Transcendentalism would not have been anything. Nor would these men have been anything without this concept. So what is Transcendentalism anyway and how have men’s thoughts and outlooks been able make it what it is remembered as?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Transcendentalism was prominent in the cultural life of the U.S., especially in New England from 1836 to until just before the Civil War. The Revolutionary war had ended shortly before the time of Transcendentalism; therefore, Emerson had been influenced by its affects and had shared his thoughts about war in his writings. At the age of twelve, Emerson wrote â€Å"Fair Peace and Triumph blooms on golden wings, and War no more pf all his victories sings† (â€Å"Way to Peace† 2). He viewed war as being unnecessary and in his eyes, the soul has no enemies and rises above all conflicts. He thought soldiers to be ridiculous and war to â€Å"Abhorrent to all reason† (â€Å"Way to Peace† 2), and against human progress. Basically he was against all war and his views on war were apparent in his writings. Even though he thought that the Civil War was good because it was trying to stop the evils of slavery, he detested the lack of freedom during t he war, and he vowed that if martial law came to Concord, that he would disobey it or move away. These events developed Transcendentalism though Emerson’s views and writings on war (â€Å"Way to Peace† 1-2).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Transcendentalism in America centered in Concord and Boston. The philosophy came from many different beliefs and people’s thoughts and outlooks. Emerson was a huge person whose beliefs greatly influenced how transcendentalism evolved. Around the year 0f 1836, a discussion group was formed in New England called the Transcendental Club. It met at various members’ houses and it included Emerson, Bronson Alcott, Frederick Henry Hedge, W. E. Channing and W. H. Channing, Theodore Parker, Margaret Fuller, Elizabeth Peabody, George Ripley, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Thoreau, and Jones Very. From 1840 to 1844, a quarterl... ...ndentalists addressed were important for the people of that time to pay attention to, and end the corruption of war. Unfortunately, the transcendental movement, with its optimism about the indwelling divinity, self-sufficiency, and high potentialities of human nature, did not survive the crisis of the Civil War and its aftermath. The end of a great literary movement had arrived, but was the beginning of more to come (Abrams 217)?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emerson’s Concord home and a picture of him. Works Cited Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brau   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jovanovich College Publishers, 1985. â€Å"American Literary Movements: Transcendentalism.† Oct. 1999   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (10/5/99). â€Å"American Transcendentalism.â€Å"(1). Oct. 1999   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (10/6/99). â€Å"American Transcendentalism.â€Å" (2). May 2000 (5/29/00). â€Å"Biography of Emerson.† < http:/members.xoom.com/_XMCM/RWEmerson/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  whoisheohtm. â€Å"The Way to Peace.† Oct. 1999   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (10/5/99).

Invisible Man Essay: Inner, Outer, and Other Direction -- Invisible Ma

Inner, Outer, and Other direction in Invisible Man Ralph Ellison wrote his novel, Invisible Man, in an attempt to open our eyes.   Ellison created his nameless character, the Invisible Man, in order to establish a medium for the message of the novel.   It is the opinion of this student that if one chooses to further examine the protagonist character, then she or he can better understand the themes behind Ellison's narrative.   As one analyzes the novel, he or she soon recognizes a number of predominant character traits that can be associated with the Invisible Man.   This student was fortunate enough to experience a lesson of that which the characteristics of inner, outer, and other direction were discussed.   Once an understanding of concepts from the lesson was established, the assessment of Ellison's work became less painful.   The characteristics are simple. Inner simply represents an individual's self-motivation for taking an action.   Outer represents an individual's attempt to please others in the actions the he or she takes, and other signifies an individuals attempts to emulate those around him.   The protagonist in Invisible Man displays each characteristic during the course of the novel, but two dominate his mindset and eventually aid in formulating Ellison's theme.   This scholar will attempt to examine each characteristic in the following paragraphs, and it is hoped that the reader will attain a better understanding of the novel itself.   The inner character attribute is nearly non-existent in the Invisible Man.   This, for the most part, can be contributed to ideologies that the character feels compelled to adopt during the span of the novel.   Although the content of each ideology differs, there are a number of const... ...imply reveal himself to society, combined with his persistence to act the part of another, prevents for true self identification.   As with Bledsoe, Ellison's protagonist remains lost and unfulfilled.   Ellison successfully creates a character capable of expressing inner, outer, and other direction, but often choosing only the latter two.   The lack of inner direction renders the Invisible Man incapable of establishing himself.   The ideologies and principles presented by others never reflected the narrator's true beliefs, and throughout the novel, he struggled to contour his mind and heart to their demands.   Ironically, the reader is faced with the dismal fact that despite the narrator's abilities, he remains just the same as he was presented in the first chapter.   He is a man without an identity.   Works Cited: Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man New York: 1952.

Cerebro Vascular Accident Health And Social Care Essay

IntroductionStroke or Cerebro Vascular Accident is the rapid loss of encephalon map ( s ) due to the perturbation in the blood supply. This is caused by ischaemia resulted from the obstruction of blood supply or a bleeding. The obstruction can be due to any thrombosis or arterial intercalation which consequences in deficiency of O and glucose to the encephalon country and it can take to decease of encephalon cells and encephalon harm. This frequently consequences in an inability to travel one or more limbs on one side of the organic structure, inability to understand or explicate address, inability to see one side of the ocular field etc. Stroke is a medical exigency as it causes lasting neurological harm, complications and even decease. ( WHO, 2008 ) Stroke is a life altering event that non merely affects the handicapped individual but besides their household and attention givers. Effective showing, rating and direction schemes for shot are good established in good developed states, but these schemes have non been to the full implemented in India. ( American Health Association, 2009 ) Stroke incidence and prevalence are indispensable for ciphering the load of disease and for be aftering the bar and intervention of shot patients. WHO estimates the figure of stroke events in some selected European states such as, Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland is likely to increase from 1.1A million per twelvemonth in 2000 to more than 1.5A million per twelvemonth in 2025 entirely because of the demographic alterations. ( Truelsen et al. , 2006 ) The prevalence rate of shot is higher among the Asians. In India it is about 250-300/10000 population per twelvemonth. The National Commission on Macro-economic and Health estimated that, in India the figure of shot rate will increases from 1,081,480 in 2000 to 1,667,372 in 2015. In 1998, the overall age adjusted prevalence rate for shot is estimated to lie between 84-262/100,000 population in rural and between 334-424/100,000 populations in urban countries. The Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that the one-year shot incidence of India will increase from 91/100,000 in 2015 to 98/100,000 in 2030. ( Ezzati et al 2004 ) It has been estimated that by 2021 the shot related disablement counts in 61 million, and 52 million of which would be in developing states. Harmonizing to recent surveies, 55 % to 70 % of shot subsisters become to the full independent by 1 twelvemonth and 7 % to 15.7 % remained wholly disabled. Among those who had speech disfunction, complete recovery was reported in 47 % of instances, and there was no betterment in 12 % . Dysarthria was commoner than dysphasia. Post Stroke ictus was observed in about 2 % of instances. ( Banerjee & A ; Das, 2008 ) In 2005, 400 to 800 shots per 100,000 populations in globally. 5.7 million Deaths and 15 million new acute shot instances are reported yearly. Globally, over the past four decennaries, the one-year age- standardised shot incidence rate has decreased by1.1 % in high income states but it has been increased by 5.3 % in low to middle income states. ( Feigin 2009 ) The mortality rate of shot is decreasing or stabilising in developed states. It was estimated in 2000 that, the shot accounted for 0.9-4.5 % of entire medical admittances and 9.2-30 % admittances in neurological wards. 12 % of all shots occur in people less than 40 old ages. Previous shot is the major ground for the shot in those who aged more than 65 old ages. It is estimated that 2 % decreases in overall shot mortality in India will ensue in 6.4 million fewer deceases over 10 twelvemonth period. ( Dalal et al. , 2007 ) There are chiefly two types of shot comprises ischaemic and haemorrhagic shot. Ischemic stroke histories for approximately 75 % of all shots which occurs due to thrombus that blocks or diminishes the blood flow to the portion of the encephalon. A haemorrhagic shot occurs when a blood vas on the encephalon surface ruptures and fills the infinite between the encephalon and skull with blood ( subarachnoid bleeding ) or when faulty arteria in the encephalon explosions and fills the environing tissue with blood ( intellectual bleeding ) . Both consequence in deficiency of blood flow to the encephalon and a buildup of blood that put excessively much of force per unit area on the encephalon. ( Swadron, 2010 ) The clinical effects of shot can be named based on the arteria involved. This includes infarct in the anterior intellectual arteria ( ACA ) , in-between intellectual arteria ( MCA ) , posterior intellectual arteria ( PCA ) and basilar/vertebral arteria. Middle intellectual arteria and basilar arteria are most frequently involved in shot. Entire Anterior Circulation Infarcts ( TACI ) had 100 % incidence of Dysphagia, followed by Partial Anterior Circulation Infarcts ( PACI-36 % ) , Posterior Circulation infarcts ( POCI-33 % ) , and Lacunar infarcts ( LACI-18 % ) . 67 % of bleedings had post-stroke Dysphagia. ( Sundar et al. , 2008 ) Dysphagia ( trouble in get downing ) is resulted if the shots occur in the in-between intellectual arteria or internal carotid arteria or vertebral or basilar arteria. Dysphagia can be seen in 65 % of the patients with shot. If non identified and managed it can take to hapless nutrition, pneumonia and increased disablement. Aspiration is the major job associated with Dysphagia. ( Stroke connexion magazine July/august 2003 ) Approximately 30 % of the patients who had one-sided shot have dysphagic symptoms and a similar per centum have been reported in encephalon hurt patients. It is estimated that between 29 and 50 % of acute shot subsisters are dysphagic. Early bedside appraisal of Dysphagia is indispensable to forestall aspiration hazard in shot patients. ( Smithard et al. , 2003 ) Asiatics were more likely to develop Dysphagia after shot. InA theA strokeA group, the adjusted odds ratio ( OR ) with 95 % assurance interval ( CI ) forA DysphagiaA was significantly higher for Asians than whitesA inA New York ( OR=1.64 ; 95 % CI, 1.50-1.79 ) and California ( OR=1.69 ; 95 % CI, 1.34-2.13 ) . The adjusted OR was somewhat but significantly higher for inkinesss than whitesA inA New York ( OR=1.15 ; 95 % CI, 1.03-1.28 ) . ( Fernandez et al. , 2008 ) The relentless dysphagia can take to malnutrition in the shot patients. The presence of malnutrition in station shot Dysphagia is runing high. The overall odds of being malnourished were higher among topics who were dysphagic compared with topics with integral get downing ( odds ratio: 2.425 ; 95 % assurance interval: 1.264-4.649, A P & lt ; 0.008 ) . ( Foley et al. , 2009 ) The higher incidence of Dysphagia increases the hazard of aspiration. In a prospective survey 60 patients were assessed clinically and underwent a bedside water-swallowing trial and videofluoroscopy within 72 hours of shot. Twenty-five patients ( 42 % ) were seen to draw out in the videofluoroscopy ; of these 20 % did non hold open Dysphagia as detected by a simple water-swallowing trial. Aspiration is most common in the early period following acute shot as a consequence of Dysphagia. ( Kidd et al. , 1993 ) Harmonizing to American Health Association ( 2006 ) , the primary bar of shot is of import because more than 70 % of shots are primary events. This includes behaviour alteration such as decreased smoke, intoxicant and salt ingestion forms, increasing fruits and vegetable ingestion and physical activity. ( Gupta et al, 2008 )Need FOR THE STUDYStroke is one of the prima causes of decease and disablement in the universe. Approximately 20 million people in each twelvemonth will endure from shot and 5 million of these will non be survive. Community surveys from many parts show rough prevalence rates for shot in the scope of 90-222 per 100,000 individuals. The Global Burden of Disease ( GBD ) Study, in 1990, reported 9.4 million deceases in India, of which 619,000 deceases were due to stroke, proposing a mortality rate of 73 per 100,000 individuals. The worldwide incidence has been quoted as 2 per 1000 population per twelvemonth, and about 4 per 1000 population in the people aged 45-84 old ages. The developing states histories for 85 % of planetary deceases from shot. With mention to the functional damages, 20 % of the people will necessitate institutional attention after 3 months and 15 to 30 % being for good disabled. ( Bhat et al. , 2007 ) Analysis of early deceases after shot is of import, as some deceases may be preventable. A survey on 1073 back-to-back shot patients showed 212 deceases within the first 30 yearss, leads to a mortality rate of 20 % . Early mortality after shot exhibits a bimodal distribution. One extremum occurs during the first hebdomad, and a 2nd during the 2nd and 3rd hebdomads. The high proportion of deceases in the first hebdomad is due to transtentorial herniation. After that, deceases are due to comparative stationariness ( pneumonia, pneumonic intercalation and sepsis ) predominate, striking towards the terminal of the 2nd hebdomad. ( Silver et al. , 1984 ) Dysphagia is common after shot. The appraisal of Dysphagia was made by utilizing standardised clinical methods in patients with acute shot. Dysphagia was more frequent in patients with haemorrhagic shot ( 31/63 vs. 110/343 ; P = 0.01 ) . In patients with ischaemic shot, the engagement of the arterial district of the entire in-between intellectual arteria was more often associated with Dysphagia ( 28.2 vs. 2.2 % ; p & lt ; 0.0001 ) . Multivariate analysis disclosed that shot mortality and disablement were independently associated with Dysphagia ( P & lt ; 0.0001 ) . The frequence of Dysphagia was comparatively high. Dysphagia assessed clinically was a important variable foretelling decease and disablement at 90 yearss. ( Paciaroni et al. , 2004 ) In acute ischaemic stroke the Dysphagia occurred within 48 hours after the oncoming of the first symptoms. After exigency infirmary admittance, three patients underwent neurological clinical rating and clinical appraisal of get downing. One of the patients presented functional swallowing, while the other two had mild and moderate oropharyngeal Dysphagia. The findings substantiate the literature informations sing the badness of the neurological status and the manifestation of Dysphagia. ( Favero et al. , 2011 ) Dysphagia and hapless nutritionary position occur often after shot. On clinical scrutiny 52.6 % of survey patients ‘ demonstrated Dysphagia and 26.3 % were identified with hapless nutritionary position. Dysphagia, based on clinical appraisal, was associated with shot badness ( National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, OR 4.6, 95 % CI 1.6-13.1 ; modified Rankin Scale, OR 12.3, 95 % CI 3.2-47.4 ) and with functional unwritten consumption ( OR 29.2, 95 % CI 8.4-101.8 ) , but non with steps of nutritionary position ( Mini Nutritional Assessment, OR 1.0, 95 % CI 0.4-2.8 ) . Nutritional steps did non correlate with swallowing or shot badness steps. It confirms that dysphagia and hapless nutritionary position are prevalent in patients with acute ischaemic shot. ( Crary et al. , 2006 ) A population based long term follow up survey was conducted to find the Dysphagia nowadays in the first hebdomad of acute shot associated with long term result. Dysphagia was assessed within 1 hebdomad in the shot patients and they were followed up annually at 3 months for 5 old ages. And they found that the presence of Dysphagia during the acute stage of shot associated with hapless result during the undermentioned old ages, particularly at 3 months. The survey related the dysphagia with increased institutionalization rate. ( Smithard et al. , 1997 ) An experimental prospective survey on 87 patients admitted with acute shot in the University infirmary of South Manchester to happen out the relationship between the side of shot and the presence of aspiration on videofluoroscopy. They undertook the patients for encephalon CT scanning and repeated videofluoroscopy. The survey concluded that the go oning aspiration might be related to the side of intellectual lesion. ( O'Neill, 2000 ) A survey conducted to happen out the incidence of Dysphagia in shot patients who were admitted in neuro rehabilitation unit. The survey compared the clinical bedside appraisal and videofluoroscopy to specify any correlativity between Dysphagia and clinical features of the patients. They enrolled both ischaemic and haemorrhagic shot. They concluded that Dysphagia is seen in one tierce of the shot patients who admitted in nuero rehabilitation unit. The class of Dysphagia correlated with the dysarthria, aphasia, low FIM and degree of cognitive operation. They found that the big cortical shots of non dominant side were associated with Dysphagia. ( Caterina 2009 ) A prospective survey in 121 patients utilizing standardised bedside appraisal and videofluoroscopic scrutiny was done to foretell the relationship between Dysphagia with the result and complications after shot. The presence of aspiration, mortality, functional result, length of stay, topographic point of discharge, happening of chest infection, nutritionary position and hydration were the chief result steps. It was found that the unnatural sup on appraisal had a higher hazard of aspiration and hapless nutritionary position. The presence of Dysphagia was associated with an increased hazard of decease, disablement, length of infirmary stay and institutional attention. ( Morris, 2000 ) Assorted get downing techniques have consequence on the nutritionary result of the shot patients. The interventions such as unwritten motor exercising, different get downing techniques, placement, and diet alteration aid to better the nutritionary form depend on the patient status. About 38 shot patients between 53 to 89 old ages of age with subjective ailments of Dysphagia and oral/pharyngeal disfunction were underwent swallowing intervention. The consequence revealed that the betterment in get downing map was associated with betterment in nutritionary parametric quantities. ( Elmstahl et al.,1999 ) Exercise based Dysphagia therapy can better the functional and physiological alterations in get downing public presentation of the grownup with chronic Dysphagia. After 3 hebdomads of intense exercising based Dysphagia therapy swallowing was improved. Physiological alterations after therapy imply an improved neuromuscular operation within the swallow mechanism. ( Carnaby et al. , 2012 ) The progressive linguistic exercising plan helps to better the swallowing map. A prospective cohort interventional survey suggested that the linguistic exercising plan helps to better the swallowing in patients with linguistic failing and get downing disablement. ( Robbins et al. , 2007 ) The clinical poster of the research worker leads to detect the shot patients. Investigator observed that one tierce of the patients who are holding shot developed get downing and feeding troubles which later result in aspiration pneumonia and add hazard to their life. All of them require dietetic alteration and half of them in demand of nasogastric or gastrostomy tubing for feeding support. This affect the nutritionary position and increase the length of infirmary stay and later affect the patient ‘s quality of life. This induce an involvement in the research worker over the peculiar country, â€Å" Post Stroke Dysphagia † . It gives a strong thrust to seek for the direction of Dysphagia in Post Stroke patients from diaries and besides from the life experience in the wards.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMEffectiveness of Selected Nursing Interventions on Swallowing and Feeding Performance among patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia at KMCH, Coimbatore-14AimThe aims of the survey a re to, Assess the Swallowing and Feeding Performance of patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia. Determine the effectivity of Selected Nursing Interventions on Swallowing and Feeding Performance in patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia. Associate the Swallowing and Feeding Performance with selected demographic and clinical variables.OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONSPOST STROKE DYSPHAGIA It refers to the trouble in get downing irrespective of the country of encephalon harm, ischaemic or haemorrhagic shots among the station shot patients. SWALLOWING Performance It refers to the ability of station shot dysphagic patients to get down, which is assessed by utilizing Gugging Swallowing Screen ( GUSS ) graduated table and the patients are graded as mild, moderate, terrible and no dysphagic based on the mark obtained. Eating Performance Feeding public presentation implies the capableness of the station stroke dysphagic patients to go through the liquids, semisolids and solid nutrients from the oral cavity to the throat, and so into the tummy and it can be assessed by the Functional Oral Intake Scale ( FOIS ) to categorise the patients as either tubing dependant or entire unwritten consumption. SELECTED Nursing INTERVENTIONS Selected nursing intercessions refer to the nursing activities which include get downing exercisings such as Shaker exercising and Hyoid lift manoeuvre and Positioning during the swallowing to better the swallowing and feeding public presentation of the patients with station shot dysphagia.Hypothesis:H1: There is a important difference in the Swallowing and Feeding Performance before and after the execution of Selected Nursing Interventions in Post Stroke Patients with dysphagia.Premise:Patients with cerebrovascular accident suffer with changing grade of Dysphagia. Swallowing exercisings strengthen the swallowing musculuss.